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Neurology System > Functional Hierarchy System > Flashcards

Functional Hierarchy System Flashcards

1
Q

What is direct control of muscles via?

A

alpha motoneurones in the spinal cord

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2
Q

Where do reflexes occur?

A

Autonomously at each segmental spinal level

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3
Q

What 4 systems control movement?

A

Descending control pathways from UMN
Basal ganglia
cerebellum
Local spinal cord and brain stem circuits

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4
Q

What do LMN at spinal levels directly innervate?

A

Muscles to initiate reflex and voluntary movements

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5
Q

What do lesions to LMN cause?

A

Flaccid paralysis
Muscles atrophy
Decreased reflexes

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6
Q

Where do UMN synapse with?

A

With multiple lower circuit neurons to regular alpha moto neurone activity

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7
Q

Where does the spinal cord receive descending input from?

A

Neurons in the brainstem

And directly from the corticospinal tract

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8
Q

At which level does sensory input enter?

A

At all levels

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9
Q

Name a stretch reflexes

A

Patellar tendon

Knee jerk reflex

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10
Q

What is the simplest segmental reflex?

A

Stretch reflex

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11
Q

What needs to contract and relax with the knee jerk reflex?

A

Contract the quadriceps

Relax the hamstrings

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12
Q

Why do pathways occur in the knee jerk reflex?

A

Because one is needed to contract the quadriceps

And the other is needed to relax the hamstrings

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13
Q

Which level is the biceps jerk?

A

C6

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14
Q

Which level is the triceps jerk?

A

C7

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15
Q

Which level is the patellar tendon reflex?

A

L4

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16
Q

What level is the achilles tendon reflex?

A

S1

17
Q

Where are proximal shoulder muscles mapped to?

A

Medial motoneurones

18
Q

Where are distal muscles mapped to?

A

Lateral motoneurones

19
Q

What happens if there is damage to sensory inputs?

A

Paralysis as if the motoneurons themselves have been damaged

20
Q

What is the significance of reflex testing?

A

Can help to detect spinal cord damage

Can evoke reflexes above but not below the level of damage

21
Q

Why must patients be distracted during reflex testing?

A

To avoid voluntary influencing of response

22
Q

What are the steps of the pain reflex?

A

Increased sensory AP from pain receptors cause
Increased activity in the flexor muscle
Antagonists extensors are inhibited

23
Q

What happens to the contralateral limb in the pain reflex?

A

Increased activity in extensors
Decreased activity in flexors
Opposite to the other limb

24
Q

Why is the contralateral limb extended in pain reflex?

A

Protective mechanism to protect falling over

25
Q

Through which tracts does sensory information ascend to the brain?

A

In the spinothalmic tract

26
Q

What is babinskis sign a sign of clinically?

A

The Babinski sign can indicate upper motor neuron lesion constituting damage to the corticospinal tract.

27
Q

Why is the flexors crossed extensor reflex slower than the stretch reflex?

A

Because nociceptive sensory fibres have smaller diameter than muscle spindle fibre and so conduct more slowly

28
Q

How are reflexes overidden?

A

Descending voluntary excitation of alpha motoneurones can override the inhibition from the GTO’s and maintain contraction

29
Q

What is the normal response when stroking the lateral aspect of the foot?

A

Causes plantar flexion (downwards curling of the big toe)

30
Q

When does the foot reflex only work?

A

If the Corticospinal tract is intact

31
Q

What does damage to the CST cause in the foot reflex?

A

Causes extension and not flexion so toes fan up and out

32
Q

Why is babinski sign seen in children?

A

Because their motor system is not fully developed

33
Q

What is there a loss of in spinal shock?

A

Supraspinal excitation

34
Q

How long does it take for the gradual return of reflexes in spinal shock?

A

2-6 weeks

Neurology System (35 decks)

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