Memory and Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What does cognition relate to?

A

The highest order of brain function
Behaviour that deals with thought processing
Simply the integration of all sensory information to make sense of a situation

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2
Q

What is neuronal plasticity?

A

The ability of central neurons to adapt their neuronal connecting in response to learning experiences

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of learning and memory?

A

Hippocampus
Cortex
Thalamus

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4
Q

Where are memories formed?

A

Hippocampus

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5
Q

Where are memories stored?

A

Cortex

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6
Q

Where are memories searched for and accessed?

A

Thalamus

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7
Q

What are memories formed by?

A

Limbic system

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8
Q

What are the 4 distinct areas of the cortex?

A

Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Cingulate gyrus
Amygdala

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9
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

o instinctive behaviour, eg drives for thirst, sex, hunger etc. but also important in emotive behaviour which in turn are drive by seeking reward or avoiding punishment.

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10
Q

Stimulation of what areas in the limbic system give intsense feeling of well being, euphoria and sexual arousal?

A

Reward ares

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11
Q

What are punishment areas?

A

Areas that when stimulated give feeling of elicit terror, anger or pain

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12
Q

What does memory recall depend on?

A

the significance of the event

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13
Q

What is central to learning and the formation of memories?

A

Hippocampus

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14
Q

What are the divisions of memory?

A

Immediate or Sensory
Short term
Intermediate long term memory
Long term memory

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15
Q

What is immediate or sensory memory?

A

Describes the ability to hold experiences in the mind for a few seconds. Based on different sensory modalities.

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16
Q

Which sensory memories decay the fastest and slowest?

A

Fastest - visual

Slowest - auditory

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17
Q

What is short term memory?

A

Used for short term tasks such as dialling a phone number, mental arithmetic, reading a sentence. Associated with reverberating circuits.

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18
Q

What is intermediate memory?

A

Memory of hours to weeks e.g. what you did last weekend. Associated with chemical adaptation at the presynaptic terminal.

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19
Q

What is long term memory?

A

Memory of hours to lifetime. e.g. where you grew up and your childhood friends. Associated with structural changes in synaptic connections.

20
Q

What does short term memory depend on?

A

Maintained excitation from reverberating circuits - needing constantly refreshed

21
Q

Is each synapse at a reverberating pathway inhibitory?

A

No excitatory

22
Q

If deemed significant what happens to the reverberating pathway?

A

It becomes consolidated and results in long term memory storage

23
Q

If deemed insignificant what happens to the reverberating pathway?

A

reverberation fades and no consolidation occurs.

24
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to recall events following the injury

Or create new memories

25
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Retrograde amnesia occurs when a person is unable to access memories of events that happened in the past, prior to the precipitating injury or disease that caused the loss.

26
Q

What does immediate long term memory involve?

A

Chemical changes in presynaptic neurons

Increasing Ca + entry to presynaptic terminals strengthening the synapse

27
Q

What structural changes are required at synapses to form long term memories?

A
  1. Increase in NT release sites on presynaptic membrane.
  2. Increase in number of NT vesicles stored and released.
  3. Increase in number of presynaptic terminals
28
Q

What are the 2 main types of long term memory?

A

Declarative/explicit

Procedural/implicit

29
Q

What is explicit long term memory?

A

Abstract memory for events (episodic memory) and for words, rules and language (semantic memory).
Declarative as you can recall the information

30
Q

What is procedural long term memory?

A

Acquired slowly through repetition. Includes motor memory for acquired motor skills such as playing tennis, and rules based learning such as, in the UK, always driving on the left.

31
Q

Where is implicit memory mainly base?

A

Cerebellum

32
Q

How is short term memory converted to long term memory?

A

Consolidation

33
Q

How does consolidation occur?

A

Consolidation involves selective strengthening of synaptic connections through repetition (for minutes to hours). Repeat a number and you can encode it into your long term memory.

34
Q

During the consolidation process what do memories exist as?

A

Electrical activity

35
Q

What happens to new memories?

A

They are coded

36
Q

Where are new memories stored/

A

Sensory and association areas in the cortex

37
Q

Where are different components of memory laid down?

A

different parts of the cortex, eg visual component in the visual cortex, auditory in auditory cortex, etc.

38
Q

How is olfactory stimuli relayed?

A

relayed from the olfactory tract through the amygdala and hippocampus to the prefrontal cortex where they can be acknowledged. The route through the limbic system, and hippocampus

39
Q

What are the amygdala considered to be part of?

A

Limbic system

40
Q

What deficiency is present in Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Vitamin B1

41
Q

What is the consequence of Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

There is damage of the limbic system structures

the ability to consolidate memory is impared

42
Q

What is the simplistic cause of alzheimer’s disease?

A

disease where there is a severe loss of cholinergic neurons throughout the brain, including the hippocampus. Gross impairment of memory.

43
Q

What type of sleep is important for memory?

A

REM sleep

44
Q

Which area of the limbic system is associated with ANS response

A

Hypothalamus

45
Q

which are of the limbic system is associated with memory

A

hippocampus

46
Q

which area of the limbic system is associated with emotion

A

Cingulate gyrus and amygdala

47
Q

Order of papez circuit

A

Hippocampus
Mammillary bodies
Anterior thalamus
Cingulate gyrus