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MSK Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three bones that make up the hip

A

Ileum, ischium and pubis

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2
Q

name the bones (1-3) and the bony features (A-I)

A
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3
Q

What is the longest bone in the body?

A

Femur

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4
Q

Label the bony features of the femur

A
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5
Q

What does the femoral head articulate with to form the hip joint?

A

The acetabulum

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6
Q

The two hemi-pelvises articulate in the midline at the _________

A

pubic symphysis

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7
Q

What are the two superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

Great and lesser saphenous vein

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8
Q

where do the saphenous veins arise?

A

dorsal venous arch of the foot

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9
Q

What does the great saphenous vein drain into?

A

Femoral vein

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10
Q

What does the lesser saphenous vein drain into?

A

Popliteal vein which then drains into the femoral

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11
Q

Which superficial vein ascends anterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia?

A

Great saphenous

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12
Q

Which vein ascends posterior to the lateral malleolus?

A

Lesser saphenous

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13
Q

Which superficial vein empties into the femoral vein?

A

Great saphenous

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14
Q

Which superficial vein empties into the popliteal vein?

A

Lesser saphenous

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15
Q

Lymphatic vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein drain into which lymph nodes?

A

popliteal lymph nodes.

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16
Q

What can cause enlargement of inguinal lymph nodes?

A

infection to any structure lying inferior to the level of the umbilicus, including the lower limb as well as intra-abdominal/pelvic malignancies

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17
Q

Which dermatome overly the anterior, superior aspect of the thigh?

A

L2

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18
Q

Which dermatome runs all the way down the back of the lower limb?

A

S2

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19
Q

Which dermatome overlies the knee?

A

L3

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20
Q

Which dermatome overlies the big toe?

A

L5

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21
Q

Which dermatome overlies the little toe?

A

S1

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22
Q

Which dermatome overlies the medial malleolus?

A

L4

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23
Q

What is the name of fibrous cartilage surrounding the acetabulum called?

A

The acetabular labrum

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24
Q

What kind of cartilage is the acetabular labrum made from?

A

Fibrous

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25
Q

what is the function of the acetabular labrum?

A

Deepens the joint and acts as a shock absorber

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26
Q

Name the ligaments of the hip labelled below

A

1- ileofemoral
2- pubofemoral
3-ischiofemoral

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27
Q

Which ligament prevents hyperextension of the hip joint/

A

Ischiofemoral

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28
Q

Which ligament prevents hyperabduction of the hip joint?

A

Ischiofemoral

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29
Q

Identify the muscles labelled below

A
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30
Q

Name the muscles which cause hip extension

A
  1. Gluteus maximus
  2. Hamstrings
  3. Posterior part of adductor Magnus
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31
Q

Which muscle is the main hip extensor?

A

Gluteus maximus

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32
Q

Which compartment of the thigh houses the adductor muscles?

A

Medial compartment

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33
Q

Which nerve supplies the adductor compartment?

A

Obturator nerve

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34
Q

Name the 5 muscles of hip adduction

A
  1. adductor longus
  2. Adductor brevis
  3. Adductor magnus
  4. Gracilis
  5. Obturator Externus
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35
Q

Which muscles are responsible for hip abduction?

A
  1. Gluteus medius
  2. Gluteus minimus
  3. Piriformis
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36
Q

Which nerve plexus supplies the adductor compartment?

A

Sacral plexus

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37
Q

Name the muscles labelled in the diagram

A
  1. gluteus medius 2. Gluteus minimus 3. piriformis
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38
Q

Name the 5 muscles involved in internal rotation of the hip

A

1) Piriformis
2) Obturator Internus
3) Obturator Externus
4) Superior and Inferior Gamelli
5) Quadratus Femoris

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39
Q

Name the labelled muscles

A
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40
Q

Name the muscles involved in internal/medial rotation

A
  1. gluteus minimus
  2. Gluteus medius
  3. Tensor Fascia Lata
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41
Q

Which muscles can be found in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Quadriceps (rectus femurs, vistas laterals, vests intermedialis & Vastus medialis)

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42
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral

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43
Q

Name the muscles labelled on the diagram

A
  1. rectus femoris
  2. Vastus lateralis
  3. Vastus intermedius
  4. Vastus medialis
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44
Q

What is the action of rectus femoris on the hip joint?

A

flexion

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45
Q

what is the action of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Extension of the knee

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46
Q

Where do the quadriceps insert?

A

They form a common tendon which passes over the patella, becoming the patella tendon and then inserts into the tibial tuberosity

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47
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body?

48
Q

Which muscles make up the gooses foot?

A

Sartorius, semitendinosus and gracilis

49
Q

What are the three actions of sartorius on the hip joint?

A

Weak hip flexor, hip abductor, laterally rotates the thigh

50
Q

What is the action of sartorius on the knee?

A

Flexes the lower leg at the knee

51
Q

What is the correct anatomical term for the gooses foot?

A

Pes ancerenus

52
Q

Through which bony foramen does the nerve that innervates the medial thigh muscles enter the thigh?

A

the obturator foramen

53
Q

Name the labelled muscles/structures

54
Q

What structures pass through the adductor canal?

A

Superficial femoral artery, superficial femoral vein , saphenous nerve

55
Q

What is the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A

adductor longs muscle

56
Q

What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

57
Q

Which structure forms the base of the femoral triangle?

A

The inguinal ligament

58
Q

Which muscles form the vast proportion of the floor of the femoral triangle

A
  1. pectineus and adductor longus medially

2. Iliopsoas laterally

59
Q

What are the 3 major structures present in the femoral triangle?

A

1 femoral nerve 2 femoral artery 3 femoral vein

60
Q

What is contained within the femoral sheath

A

femoral artery, femoral vein, deep inguinal lymph nodes

61
Q

Which gender are femoral hernias more common in?

62
Q

Where does the femoral artery begin?

A

inguinal ligament (it is a continuation of the external iliac)

63
Q

The femoral artery enters the thigh midway between which 2 bony surface markings?

A

anterior superior iliac spine

and pubic symphysis

64
Q

What is the deep branch of the femoral artery called?

A

Profunda femoris

65
Q

Which vein is the femoral vein a continuation of?

66
Q

What does the femoral vein become as it crosses the inguinal ligament

A

femoral vein becomes the external iliac

67
Q

Which two veins drain into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle?

A

Profunda femoris vein and greater saphenous vein

67
Q

Which two veins drain into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle?

A

Profunda femoris vein and greater saphenous vein

68
Q

As the neurovascular structures of the anterior thigh pass distally towards the apex of the femoral triangle, they begin to pass deep through the musculature called in a fascial sheath called the …

A

Adductor canal

69
Q

Which muscle has the opening named the adductor canal?

A

Adductor Magnus

70
Q

Name the two main motor nerves of the lumbar plexus supplying the lower limb

A
  1. obturator 2. femoral
71
Q

Name one main sensory nerve of the lumbar plexus supplying the lower limb

A
  1. lateral cutaneous
72
Q

What is the nerve root value of the motor nerves coming from the lumbar plexus?

73
Q

What is the nerve root value of the sensory nerve coming off the lumbar plexus?

74
Q

name all of the branches of the lumbar plexus

75
Q

Name the features of the pelvis

A

Note- lesser sciatic foramen is sometimes called the obturator foramen

76
Q

Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the pelvis?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

77
Q

Which sciatic foramen is a route for structures entering or leaving the perineum?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

78
Q

Name the muscles and the innervation

79
Q

What are the actions of gluteus maximus muscle?

A

Abduction and adduction of thigh and extension of the thigh and lateral rotation

80
Q

What is the action of gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fasciae latae?

A

They are internal rotators and abductors of hip joint.

81
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?

A

Fascia lata

82
Q

What is the thickening of facia latae called?

A

Iliotibial tract

83
Q

Name the muscles that attach to the ileo-tibial tract

A

tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus.

84
Q

What is the function of the ileotibial tract?

A

provides stabilisation to the lateral aspect of the knee joint.

85
Q

The sacral plexus lies on which muscle?

A

Piriformis

86
Q

The sacral plexus is formed by the union of the ventral rami of which spinal nerves

A

L 4, L5 and S 1 to S4

87
Q

What are the two main branches of the sacral plexus

A

sciatic and puedental

88
Q

Which branch of the sacral plexus is the main branch to the lower limb?

89
Q

List the muscles supplied by the superior gluteal nerve?

A
  1. Gluteus minimus
  2. Gluteus medius
  3. tensor fascia latae
90
Q

The inferior gluteal muscle supplies only one muscle in the gluteal region.

A

Gluteus maximus

91
Q

What are the root values of the sciatic nerve?

A

L 4 to S 3

92
Q

describe the course of the sciatic nerve

A

It passes through the greater sciatic foramen, inferior to the piriformis muscle, passing behind the deep abductors of the hip joint between the ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter of the femur to enter the posterior compartment of the thigh.

93
Q

Where in the lower limb does the sciatic nerve divide

A

popliteal fossa

94
Q

what does the sciatic nerve divide into at the popliteal fossa

A

tibial and common fibular (sometimes called peroneal)

95
Q

name the muscle coloured in green

A

Piriformis

96
Q

Name the three muscles that make up the hamstrings

A
  1. semimembranosus
  2. semitendinosus
  3. biceps femoris
97
Q

Name the labelled muscles

A
  1. semimembranosus
  2. semitendinosus
  3. biceps femoris
98
Q

What is the action of the hamstring muscles on the hip and knee joint?

A

Hip joint extension

Knee joint flexion

99
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?

100
Q

Which branch of the femoral artery contributes to the posterior muscle compartment blood supply?

A

Profunda femorus

101
Q

Name the features of bones below

A

Bones

  1. patella
  2. fibula
  3. tibia
  4. femur

Articular Surfaces

a. Medial Femoral Condyle
b. Lateral Femoral Condyle
c. Lateral Tibial Condyle
d. Medial Tibial Condyle
e. Tibial Tuberosity

102
Q

Which is the most important muscle which helps to stabilize the knee joint?

A

Quadriceps & hamstrings

103
Q

Name the ligaments of the knee

104
Q

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevents the femur from sliding (anterior or posterior?) on the tibia.

105
Q

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) prevents anterior or posterior displacement of the tibia?

106
Q

Name the muscle

107
Q

Name the features of the knee meniscus

A
  1. Medial meniscus
  2. Lateral meniscus
  3. Anterior cruciate
  4. Posterior cruciate
108
Q

What are the main functions of the menisci?

A

Shock absorber and deepen the joint

109
Q

Which meniscus firmly adheres to the deep surface of the medial collateral ligament?

A

The medial meniscus

110
Q

What type of bone is the patella

111
Q

Which movement of the knee causes the patella to move?

112
Q

Name the different bursae (4 on the diagram)

113
Q

Which bursa communicates with the articular cavity of the knee joint?

A

SUPRAPATELLAR

114
Q

What is housemaid’s knee (pre-patellar bursitis)?

A

Inflammation of the prepatellar bursa

115
Q

Which muscles cause knee flexion

A

hamstrings and biceps femoris and to a lesser extent the gastrocnemius and popliteus.

116
Q

Which muscles cause knee extension?

A

quadriceps femoris muscle group (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medius, and vastus intermedius)

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