Cardio

Question 1

Which part of the mediastinum does the heart lie in?

Answer 1

Middle

Question 2

Which part of the heart makes up the apex

Answer 2

Left ventricle

Question 3

What lies between the visceral and parietal pericardium?

Answer 3

Fluid filled pericardial space

Question 4

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 4

Phrenic (C3,4,5)

Question 5

Name 5 features of the RIGHT atrium

Answer 5

1. Openings for IVC, SVC and coronary sinus
2. Interatrial septum
3. Fossa ovals (reminent of Foramen ovale)
4. Musculi Pectinate
5. Crista terminals

Question 6

Which part of the heart houses the moderator band?

Answer 6

right ventricle

Question 7

What is the function of the moderator band?

Answer 7

Prevents overdistension of the right ventricle

Question 8

Where can trabecular carnae be found?

Answer 8

In the ventricular walls

Question 9

What is the function of the trabecular carnae?

Answer 9

Prevent the walls of the ventricles from being suctioned together

Question 10

Which chamber of the heart has completely smooth walls?

Answer 10

Left atrium

Question 11

Which chamber of the heart forms the base (posterior border) of the heart?

Answer 11

Left atrium

Question 12

What is the name of the muscle which contracts to pull open the heart valves/

Answer 12

Papillary muscle

Question 13

Name the structure that connects the papillary muscle to the heart valve

Answer 13

Chordae tendinae

Question 14

Name the valve that lies between the left atria and the left ventricle

Answer 14

The mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 15

Name the valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta

Answer 15

The aortic valve

Question 16

Name the valve that lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Answer 16

Tricuspid valve

Question 17

name the valve that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries

Answer 17

Pulmonary valve

Question 18

Which heart valve has a different number of cusps compared to the rest?

Answer 18

Mitral valve only has 2 cusps- the rest all have 3

Question 19

Name the three tissue layers in a blood vessel from outer layer to lumen

Answer 19

External/adventitia (connective tissue)
Tunica media (smooth muscle and elastic fibres)
Tunica intima (endothelial cells)

Question 20

Name the tissue layers of the heart from superficial to deep

Answer 20

Fibrous pericardium (epicardium)
Parietal serous pericardium (epicardium)
Pericardial space 
Visceral serous pericardium (epicardium)
Myocardium (heart muscle)
Endocardium (simple squamous epithelium)

Question 21

Which tissue/cell type are heart valves made from?

Answer 21

Endocardium

Question 22

Give an example of where you might find a continuous capillary

Answer 22

In muscle tissue

Question 23

Give an example of where you might find a fenestrated capillary

Answer 23

Renal corpuscle

Question 24

Give an example of where you might find a discontinuous capillary

Answer 24

Liver sinusoid

Question 25

From which week of gestation is the cardiovascular system functional?

Answer 25

Week 4

Question 26

From which embryological structure does the heart from?

Answer 26

Midgut (which forms from mesoderm)

Question 27

name the structure that allows blood to bypass the lungs by shunting blood from the left atrium to descending aorta in the foetus

Answer 27

Ductus arteriosus

Question 28

What does the ductus arterteriosus become once the baby is born?

Answer 28

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 29

Name the structure which shunts blood between the left and right atrium. (bypasses lungs) in the fetus

Answer 29

Foramen ovale

Question 30

What does foramen ovale become once the baby is born?

Answer 30

Fossa ovalis

Question 31

name the structure which carried oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava in foetal life

Answer 31

Ductus venosum

Question 32

What does the ductus venosus become after birth?

Answer 32

Ligamentum venous

Question 33

Name the structure that controls the intrinsic rhythmicity of the heart

Answer 33

Sinoatrial node

Question 34

Name the nerves that control the extrinsic heart rate (not the pacemaker as set by SA node)

Answer 34

Vagus node - parasympathetic | Sympathetic nerves

Question 35

name the 7 structures found in the superior mediastinum

Answer 35

1. Aortic arch & it's 3 branches 2. L & R Brachiocephalic veins 3. Superior vena cava 4. Vagus nerve 5. Phrenic nerve 6. Trachea 7. Oesophagus

Question 36

Describe the innervation of the pericardium

Answer 36

visceral pericardium - autonomic innervation from T1 –T4 & vagus via the cardiac plexus parietal and fibrous layers - phrenic nerve.

Question 37

which nerve can be found embedded in the fibrous pericardium on the lateral side of the heart?

Answer 37

Phrenic

Question 38

Name the Bessel supplying blood to the fibrous and parietal pericardium

Answer 38

Internal thoracic artery

Question 39

Name the vessel supplying blood to the visceral pericardium

Answer 39

coronary arteries

Question 40

Name the striations seen in the wall of the left atrium

Answer 40

Pectinate muscle

Question 41

Which coronary artery runs in the atrioventricular groove?

Answer 41

The right coronary artery

Question 42

Which coronary artery runs in the anterior interventricular groove?

Answer 42

left anterior interventricular artery

Question 43

name the coronary arteries

Answer 43

Question 44

Where do the coronary arteries come from?

Answer 44

They branch off the ascending aortic arch

Question 45

name the coronary veins

Answer 45

Question 46

Where do the coronary veins drain into?

Answer 46

into the coronary sinus which drains into the right atrium