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Full Anatomy Course (MbChB) > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Name the organs which define the start and the end of the foregut

A

Foregut = Oseophagus - proximal duodenum (before the opening of the bile duct)

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2
Q

State the organs with lie at the start and the end of the midgut

A

distal duodenum (after the opening of the bile duct)- proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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3
Q

State the organs which lie at the start and the end of the hindgut

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon- upper portion of the anal canal

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4
Q

Which part of the gut (foregut, midgut or hindgut) contains the liver, biliary apparatus and pancreas?

A

Foregut

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5
Q

What is the arterial supply of the foregut and at which level does it branch from the abdominal aorta

A

Coeliac artery (branches off the aorta at T12

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6
Q

Name the artery that supplies the liver and state where it branches from

A

Hepatic artery (branch of coeliac trunk) supplies the liver

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7
Q

Name the artery that supplies the gallbladder and state where it branches from

A

The cystic artery supplies the gallbladder (branch of hepatic artery)

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8
Q

Name the artery that supplies the spleen and state where it branches from

A

Splenic artery (branch of coeliac trunk) supplies spleen

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9
Q

Which part of the stomach does the left gastric artery run along?

A

Lesser curvature of stomach

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10
Q

How long is the average oesophagus?

A

25cm

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11
Q

List the 3 narrowing in the oesophagus

A
  1. Cervical constriction
  2. Thoracic constriction (where it is crossed by the aortic arch)
  3. Diaphragmatic constriction (where it crosses through the diaphragm)
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12
Q

Name the different parts of the stomach

A
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13
Q

What structures make up the triangle of calot?

A

Triangle made of common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of liver

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14
Q

Name the arterial supply of the midgut and state where it branches off the abdominal aorta

A

Superior mesenteric artery (branches off at L1)

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15
Q

State the blood supply of the hindgut and where it branches off the abdominal aorta

A

Inferior mesenteric artery (L3)

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16
Q

Name three structures that can be found in the large intestine which are not found in the small intestine and can therefore be used to differentiate them

A
  1. Tania coli (thickened bands of smooth muscle)
  2. Haustrations
  3. Omental appendices (small, fatty appendices)
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17
Q

State the 2 parasympathetic and 3 sympathetic nervous supplies to the GI system

A 
Parasympathetic = vagus nerve & pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4)
Sympathetic = Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (T5-12), abdominal aortic plexus & prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
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18
Q

Name the 2 vessels that come together to make the portal vein

A

Splenic vein & superior mesenteric vein

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19
Q

name the vein which takes blood to the liver and name the vein that takes blood away from the liver to the IVC

A

Portal vein takes blood to the liver. Hepatic vein takes blood from the liver to the IVC

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20
Q

Name the vein that passes behind the neck of the pancreas at L1

A

Portal vein

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21
Q

Name the 5 sites of portocaval anastomoses

A
  1. Eosophageal (causes oesophageal varices)
  2. Rectal (causes rectal varices)
  3. Paraumbilical (causes caput medusae)
  4. Retroperitoneal (causes splenorenal shunt)
  5. Intrahepatic (causes hepatic pseudolesions)
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22
Q

Which organs are mobile- intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intra are mobile

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23
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

A double fold in the peritoneum

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24
Q

Name the foramen which links the greater and lesser sacs

A

The epiploic foramen

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25
Q

name the 4 main tissue layers which make up the gut tube

A
  1. Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria and muscular mucosae
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa/adventita
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26
Q

which tissue layer of the gut tube tends to contain glands?

A

Submucosa

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27
Q

Name the components of the muscular externa

A

Innermost oblique muscle (stomach only), inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal muscle layer

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28
Q

What kind of epithelium is found throughout the gut tube?

A

Simple columnar - except oesophagus (stratified squamous, non-keratinised) and the ileum (simple squamous)

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29
Q

Where would you find cardiac glands and what cell types would you find in them?

A

Cardia of stomach- goblet cells

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30
Q

Where would you find funds glands and what cell types would you find in them?

A

Fundus and body of stomach- parietal and chief cells

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31
Q

Where would you find Pyloric glands and what cell types would you find in the?

A

Pyloris of stomach- goblet and G-cells

32
Q

Where would you find Brunner’s glands ?

A

Duodenum

33
Q

Where would you find peyers patches?

A

Ileum

34
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCL and intrinsic factor

35
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

36
Q

What do G-cells secrete?

A

Gastrin

37
Q

What is the function of Peyer’s patches?

A

Immune surveillance

38
Q

What is the function of Brunner’s glands?

A

Secretes mucus which protects duodenum from stomach acid

39
Q

name 3 regions n the GI tract where there is an abrupt transition in epithelia type

A
  1. Gastro-oesophageal junction
  2. Gastro-duodenal junction
  3. Recto-anal junction
40
Q

Identify the junction

A

Gastro-oesophageal

41
Q

Identify the junction

A

gastro-duodenal junction

42
Q

Name the 9 quadrants of the abdomen

A
43
Q

name the superficial abdominal arteries

A

Superior and inferior epigastric arteries

44
Q

where does the superior epigastric artery arise from and drain into?

A

Arises from internal thoracic artery

Drains into internal thoracic vein

45
Q

Where does the inferior epigastric artery arise from and drain into?

A

arises from external iliac artery

Drains into external iliac vein

46
Q

on the image, identify the linea alba, rectus sheath, rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique and transversalis

A
47
Q

Explain the lymphatic drainage of the abdomen

A

Organs supplied by coeliac trunk drained by Pre-aortic nodes at T12
organs supplied by SMA drained by Pre-aortic nodes at L1
Organs supplied by IMA drained by Pre-aortic nodes at L3
organs supplied by renal artery drained bypara-aortic nodes at L1

48
Q

Where is the origin and attachment of the inguinal ligament

A

Origin- ASIS

Attachment- Pubic tubercle

49
Q

Name the muscle fascia which form the inguinal canal

A

Fascia of internal an external oblique

50
Q

Describe what forms the superior and inferior inguinal rings

A

Superior inguinal ring = an opening in the external oblique aponeurosis
Inferior inguinal ring = an opening in the transverse fascia

51
Q

Describe the borders of the inguinal Canal

A
52
Q

describe the contents of the inguinal canal in males

A

Spermatic cord, ilioinguinal and genitofemoral ligaments, lymphatics and blood vessels

53
Q

Describe the contents of the inguinal canal in women

A

Round ligament, ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerve , lymphatics and blood vessels

54
Q

List the layers of the spermatic cord

A

Internal spermatic fascia (made from fascia of transverse fascia)
Cremasteric fascia (Made from fascia of internal oblique)
Cremaster muscle
External spermatic fascia (Made from fascia of external oblique)

55
Q

Describe the difference between a direct and indirect inguinal hernia

A

Indirect- congenital- contents pass into inguinal canal via deep inguinal ring. Most common type
Direct- Contents do not pass through the ring, they come through a weakness in the muscle layer

56
Q

State what passes through each diaphragmatic hiatus and state the vertebral level of each

A
57
Q

list the retroperitoneal organs

A 
S- suprarenal glands
A- aorta & IVC
D- Duodenum (2nd and 3rd segments only)
P- Pancreas (except tail!)
U- Ureters
C- Colon (ascending and descending only)
K- Kidneys
E- Oesophagus 
R- Rectum
58
Q

What is the function of mesentery proper?

A

connects the convolutions of the jejunum and ileum with the posterior wall of the abdomen.

59
Q

What is the transverse mesocolon?

A

attached to the transverse colon of the large intestines, attaching it to the posterior wall.

60
Q

What is the sigmoid mesocolon?

A

sigmoid mesocolon is a fold of peritoneum that attaches the sigmoid colon to the pelvic wall.

61
Q

Where are the attachments of the greater omentum?

A

greater curvature of stomach and small bowel

62
Q

Where does the lesser omentum attach?

A

lesser curvature of stomach to the liver

63
Q

draw/describe the hepatopancreatic ampulla and the ducts feeding into it

A
64
Q

Describe the arteries and veins supplying the rectum

A

Superior 1/3 of rectum = superior rectal artery and vein
Middle 1/3 of rectum = middle rectal artery and vein
Inferior 1/3 of rectum = inferior rectal artery and vein

65
Q

Name the structure which divides the rectum into the upper 1/3 and lower 2/3rds

A

The pectinate line

66
Q

identify quadrate and caudate lobes

A
67
Q

What is contained within a liver lobule?

A

Portal triad= portal vein, hepatic artery & bile duct
Central vein drains into IVC
Hepatocytes
Sinusoids draining bile

68
Q

Name the two important ligaments of the liver and explain why they are important

A

Falciform ligament= secures liver to abdominal wall

Ligamentum teres = umbilical remnant

69
Q

What is the blood supply of the pancreas?

A

Coeliac trunk and SMA

70
Q

Which part of the duodenum does the pancreatic duct open into?

A

Descending part

71
Q

Name the parts of the duodenum

A

Superior, descending, horizontal & Ascending

72
Q

Explain the arterial supply of the duodenum

A

Because the duodenum arises from both the foregut and the midgut, it is supplied by both the coeliac trunk (until the opening of the bile duct) and the superior mesenteric artery (after the opening of the bile duct)

73
Q

Explain the blood supply of the anal canal

A

Above the pectinate line, the anal canal is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery but below it, the anal canal is supplied by the internal pudendal artery (a branch of the internal iliac artery)

74
Q

during which week of gestation does the gut system develop and from which layer

A

Primordial gut system develops in week 3-4 of life from mesoderm

75
Q

Explain how the gut tube is able to organise itself into a cranial and caudal end

A

The craniocaudal organisation of the gut is caused by the secretion of Sonic hedge Hog (SSH) by the gut endodermal cells which stimulates HOX gene expression in the mesoderm

Full Anatomy Course (MbChB) (16 decks)

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