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Full Anatomy Course (MbChB) > GI > Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the organs which define the start and the end of the foregut

A

Foregut = Oseophagus - proximal duodenum (before the opening of the bile duct)

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2
Q

State the organs with lie at the start and the end of the midgut

A

distal duodenum (after the opening of the bile duct)- proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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3
Q

State the organs which lie at the start and the end of the hindgut

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon- upper portion of the anal canal

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4
Q

Which part of the gut (foregut, midgut or hindgut) contains the liver, biliary apparatus and pancreas?

A

Foregut

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5
Q

What is the arterial supply of the foregut and at which level does it branch from the abdominal aorta

A

Coeliac artery (branches off the aorta at T12

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6
Q

Name the artery that supplies the liver and state where it branches from

A

Hepatic artery (branch of coeliac trunk) supplies the liver

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7
Q

Name the artery that supplies the gallbladder and state where it branches from

A

The cystic artery supplies the gallbladder (branch of hepatic artery)

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8
Q

Name the artery that supplies the spleen and state where it branches from

A

Splenic artery (branch of coeliac trunk) supplies spleen

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9
Q

Which part of the stomach does the left gastric artery run along?

A

Lesser curvature of stomach

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10
Q

How long is the average oesophagus?

A

25cm

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11
Q

List the 3 narrowing in the oesophagus

A
  1. Cervical constriction
  2. Thoracic constriction (where it is crossed by the aortic arch)
  3. Diaphragmatic constriction (where it crosses through the diaphragm)
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12
Q

Name the different parts of the stomach

A
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13
Q

What structures make up the triangle of calot?

A

Triangle made of common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of liver

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14
Q

Name the arterial supply of the midgut and state where it branches off the abdominal aorta

A

Superior mesenteric artery (branches off at L1)

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15
Q

State the blood supply of the hindgut and where it branches off the abdominal aorta

A

Inferior mesenteric artery (L3)

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16
Q

Name three structures that can be found in the large intestine which are not found in the small intestine and can therefore be used to differentiate them

A
  1. Tania coli (thickened bands of smooth muscle)
  2. Haustrations
  3. Omental appendices (small, fatty appendices)
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17
Q

State the 2 parasympathetic and 3 sympathetic nervous supplies to the GI system

A 
Parasympathetic = vagus nerve & pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4)
Sympathetic = Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (T5-12), abdominal aortic plexus & prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
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18
Q

Name the 2 vessels that come together to make the portal vein

A

Splenic vein & superior mesenteric vein

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19
Q

name the vein which takes blood to the liver and name the vein that takes blood away from the liver to the IVC

A

Portal vein takes blood to the liver. Hepatic vein takes blood from the liver to the IVC

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20
Q

Name the vein that passes behind the neck of the pancreas at L1

A

Portal vein

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21
Q

Name the 5 sites of portocaval anastomoses

A
  1. Eosophageal (causes oesophageal varices)
  2. Rectal (causes rectal varices)
  3. Paraumbilical (causes caput medusae)
  4. Retroperitoneal (causes splenorenal shunt)
  5. Intrahepatic (causes hepatic pseudolesions)
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22
Q

Which organs are mobile- intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intra are mobile

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23
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

A double fold in the peritoneum

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24
Q

Name the foramen which links the greater and lesser sacs

A

The epiploic foramen

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25
name the 4 main tissue layers which make up the gut tube
1. Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria and muscular mucosae 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis externa 4. Serosa/adventita
26
which tissue layer of the gut tube tends to contain glands?
Submucosa
27
Name the components of the muscular externa
Innermost oblique muscle (stomach only), inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal muscle layer
28
What kind of epithelium is found throughout the gut tube?
Simple columnar - except oesophagus (stratified squamous, non-keratinised) and the ileum (simple squamous)
29
Where would you find cardiac glands and what cell types would you find in them?
Cardia of stomach- goblet cells
30
Where would you find funds glands and what cell types would you find in them?
Fundus and body of stomach- parietal and chief cells
31
Where would you find Pyloric glands and what cell types would you find in the?
Pyloris of stomach- goblet and G-cells
32
Where would you find Brunner's glands ?
Duodenum
33
Where would you find peyers patches?
Ileum
34
What do parietal cells secrete?
HCL and intrinsic factor
35
What do chief cells secrete?
Pepsinogen
36
What do G-cells secrete?
Gastrin
37
What is the function of Peyer's patches?
Immune surveillance
38
What is the function of Brunner's glands?
Secretes mucus which protects duodenum from stomach acid
39
name 3 regions n the GI tract where there is an abrupt transition in epithelia type
1. Gastro-oesophageal junction 2. Gastro-duodenal junction 3. Recto-anal junction
40
Identify the junction
Gastro-oesophageal
41
Identify the junction
gastro-duodenal junction
42
Name the 9 quadrants of the abdomen
43
name the superficial abdominal arteries
Superior and inferior epigastric arteries
44
where does the superior epigastric artery arise from and drain into?
Arises from internal thoracic artery | Drains into internal thoracic vein
45
Where does the inferior epigastric artery arise from and drain into?
arises from external iliac artery | Drains into external iliac vein
46
on the image, identify the linea alba, rectus sheath, rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique and transversalis
47
Explain the lymphatic drainage of the abdomen
Organs supplied by coeliac trunk drained by Pre-aortic nodes at T12 organs supplied by SMA drained by Pre-aortic nodes at L1 Organs supplied by IMA drained by Pre-aortic nodes at L3 organs supplied by renal artery drained bypara-aortic nodes at L1
48
Where is the origin and attachment of the inguinal ligament
Origin- ASIS | Attachment- Pubic tubercle
49
Name the muscle fascia which form the inguinal canal
Fascia of internal an external oblique
50
Describe what forms the superior and inferior inguinal rings
Superior inguinal ring = an opening in the external oblique aponeurosis Inferior inguinal ring = an opening in the transverse fascia
51
Describe the borders of the inguinal Canal
52
describe the contents of the inguinal canal in males
Spermatic cord, ilioinguinal and genitofemoral ligaments, lymphatics and blood vessels
53
Describe the contents of the inguinal canal in women
Round ligament, ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerve , lymphatics and blood vessels
54
List the layers of the spermatic cord
Internal spermatic fascia (made from fascia of transverse fascia) Cremasteric fascia (Made from fascia of internal oblique) Cremaster muscle External spermatic fascia (Made from fascia of external oblique)
55
Describe the difference between a direct and indirect inguinal hernia
Indirect- congenital- contents pass into inguinal canal via deep inguinal ring. Most common type Direct- Contents do not pass through the ring, they come through a weakness in the muscle layer
56
State what passes through each diaphragmatic hiatus and state the vertebral level of each
57
list the retroperitoneal organs
``` S- suprarenal glands A- aorta & IVC D- Duodenum (2nd and 3rd segments only) P- Pancreas (except tail!) U- Ureters C- Colon (ascending and descending only) K- Kidneys E- Oesophagus R- Rectum ```
58
What is the function of mesentery proper?
connects the convolutions of the jejunum and ileum with the posterior wall of the abdomen.
59
What is the transverse mesocolon?
attached to the transverse colon of the large intestines, attaching it to the posterior wall.
60
What is the sigmoid mesocolon?
sigmoid mesocolon is a fold of peritoneum that attaches the sigmoid colon to the pelvic wall.
61
Where are the attachments of the greater omentum?
greater curvature of stomach and small bowel
62
Where does the lesser omentum attach?
lesser curvature of stomach to the liver
63
draw/describe the hepatopancreatic ampulla and the ducts feeding into it
64
Describe the arteries and veins supplying the rectum
Superior 1/3 of rectum = superior rectal artery and vein Middle 1/3 of rectum = middle rectal artery and vein Inferior 1/3 of rectum = inferior rectal artery and vein
65
Name the structure which divides the rectum into the upper 1/3 and lower 2/3rds
The pectinate line
66
identify quadrate and caudate lobes
67
What is contained within a liver lobule?
Portal triad= portal vein, hepatic artery & bile duct Central vein drains into IVC Hepatocytes Sinusoids draining bile
68
Name the two important ligaments of the liver and explain why they are important
Falciform ligament= secures liver to abdominal wall | Ligamentum teres = umbilical remnant
69
What is the blood supply of the pancreas?
Coeliac trunk and SMA
70
Which part of the duodenum does the pancreatic duct open into?
Descending part
71
Name the parts of the duodenum
Superior, descending, horizontal & Ascending
72
Explain the arterial supply of the duodenum
Because the duodenum arises from both the foregut and the midgut, it is supplied by both the coeliac trunk (until the opening of the bile duct) and the superior mesenteric artery (after the opening of the bile duct)
73
Explain the blood supply of the anal canal
Above the pectinate line, the anal canal is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery but below it, the anal canal is supplied by the internal pudendal artery (a branch of the internal iliac artery)
74
during which week of gestation does the gut system develop and from which layer
Primordial gut system develops in week 3-4 of life from mesoderm
75
Explain how the gut tube is able to organise itself into a cranial and caudal end
The craniocaudal organisation of the gut is caused by the secretion of Sonic hedge Hog (SSH) by the gut endodermal cells which stimulates HOX gene expression in the mesoderm

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