Endocrine

Question 1

name the fossa that the pituitary gland sits within

Answer 1

Hypophyseal fossa in sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Question 2

name the sinus inferior to the pituitary gland

Answer 2

Sphenoid sinus

Question 3

Name the structure immediately superior to the pituitary

Answer 3

Optic chiasm

Question 4

name the structure that sits between the two lobes of the pituitary

Answer 4

Pars intermedia

Question 5

Which gland of the pituitary is made of neural tissue?

Answer 5

Posterior

Question 6

Name the three cell types found in the anterior pituitary

Answer 6

Acidophils
Basophils
Chromatophils

Question 7

What do acidophils produce?

Answer 7

Growth hormone and prolactin

Question 8

what do basophils produce?

Answer 8

ACTH, TSH, FHS & LH

Question 9

Name the structure which connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Answer 9

The hypophyseal portal system

Question 10

What is the arterial supply of the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 10

Superior hypophyseal artery (branch of internal carotid)

Question 11

Which veins drain the anterior pituitary?

Answer 11

Hypophyseal veins which then drain into the cavernous sinus

Question 12

How are the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary connected?

Answer 12

Via neurones in the pituitary stalk

Question 13

what is the arterial supply of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 13

Inferior hypophyseal artery (branch of internal carotid)

Question 14

What is the venous drainage of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 14

Hypophyseal veins which drain into cavernous sinus

Question 15

What vertebral level is the thyroid?

Answer 15

C5-T1

Question 16

Name the strap muscles overlying the thyroid

Answer 16

Sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid

Question 17

Name the nerves supplying the vocal cords

Answer 17

Recurrent & superior laryngeal nerves

Question 18

which nerve do the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves branch from?

Answer 18

vagus nerve

Question 19

Which structures does the recurrent laryngeal nerve run between?

Answer 19

Trachea and oesophagus

Question 20

Where does the superior laryngeal nerve run in relation to the thyroid?

Answer 20

Bilaterally

Question 21

name the arterial supply of the thyroid and the main arteries each arises from

Answer 21

Superior thyroid artery (arises from external carotid)
Inferior thyroid artery (arises from right subclavian artery)
Thyroid ima artery (arises from brachiocephalic trunk)

Question 22

Name the veins draining the thyroid and the main vein they are each draining into

Answer 22

Superior thyroid vein (drains into internal jugular vein)
Middle thyroid vein (drains into internal jugular vein)
Inferior thyroid vein (drains into left bachiocephalic vein)

Question 23

Which lymph nodes drain the thyroid?

Answer 23

Deep cervical nodes

Question 24

What is contained within the colloid matrix of the thyroid?

Answer 24

Thyroglobulin bound to iodine

Question 25

what is the function of thyroid follicular cells?

Answer 25

Produce T3 & T4

Question 26

what is the function of thyroid clear / parafollicular cells?

Answer 26

Produce calcitonin

Question 27

Where can parathyroid glands be found?

Answer 27

On the posterior and lateral aspect of the thyroid

Question 28

Name the artery which supplies the parathyroid glands

Answer 28

Inferior thyroid arteries

Question 29

Name the vonous drainage of the parathyroid

Answer 29

Same as thyroid

Question 30

what are the two cell types found in the parathyroid glands?

Answer 30

chief cells and oxyphil cells

Question 31

What do the parathyroid glands produce?

Answer 31

Parathyroid hormone (acts on osteoclasts to regulate calcium)

Question 32

What is the embryological origin of the outer cortex of the adrenal glands?

Answer 32

Mesoderm

Question 33

Name the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and what they produce

Answer 33

an outer zona glomerulosa (thin) SALT- Mineralocorticois (aldosterone) a middle zona fasciculata (thick) SUGAR- Glucocorticoids (cortisol) an inner zona reticularis (immediately adjacent to the medulla) SEX- Androgens

Question 34

what is the embryological origin of the adrenal medulla?

Answer 34

Neuroectoderm

Question 35

What cell type predominates the adrenal medulla and what does it produce?

Answer 35

Ovid chromatin cells. produce adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Question 36

What is the arterial supply of the adrenal gland?

Answer 36

abdominal aorta renal artery Inferior phrenic artery

Question 37

Describe the venous drainage of the adrenal gland

Answer 37

``` LHS = renal vein RHS = IVC ```

Question 38

Name the 5 different parts of the pancreas

Answer 38

Ucinate process, head, neck, body, tail

Question 39

Describe the arterial supply of the pancreas

Answer 39

Uncinate process= SMA head & neck= Gastroduodenal artery Body & tail = splenic artery

Question 40

Which veins drain the pancreas?

Answer 40

Superior mesenteric branches of hepatic portal vein- drains the head of the pancreas Pancreatic veins emptying into splenic vein- Drains the rest of the pancreas (excl. head)

Question 41

is the pancreas intra or retroperitoneal?

Answer 41

Retro- except the tail!

Question 42

Name the two important cell types in the pancreas

Answer 42

Islets of langerhans | Pancreatic acini

Question 43

name the different types of islet cells and their secretions

Answer 43

Alpha cells= glucagon beta cells= insulin PP cells = Pancreatic polypeptide Epsilon cells = ghrelin