MSK Basic Concepts Flashcards
What are the 3 major components of the Musculoskeletal system?
Bones (joints)
Muscles
Connective tissues
What are the functions of bone?
Support
Protection
Metabolic (Ca2+ and PO4 3-)
Storage (Yellow)
Movement
Haematopoiesis
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
Locomotion
Posture
Metabolic (glycogen store))
Venous return (Muscles squeezing blood in veins)
Heat production
Continence (not shitting yourself)
What is the function of a tendon?
Connects muscle to bone so force of muscle can move bone
What is the function of a ligament?
Attaches bone to bone, supports bone attachment to bone
What is fascia and what is its function?
Sheets of connective tissue
Functions:
- Compartmentalisation
-Protection
What is the function of articular cartilage?
Decreases friction, covers ends of bones where they meet each other
What is the function of Fibrocartilage?
Shock absorption
Increases bony joining
What is the function of the synovial membrane?
Secretes synovial fluid for the joint which lubricates it
What is a bursa and what is its function?
Fluid filled pillows of synovial fluid which protects tendon, ligaments from friction
How is bone a connective tissue?
Cells (osteocytes/blasts/clasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes)
ECM which is mineralised with calcium phosphate (Fibres - collagen and elastic, Ground substance is water GAGS, Pgs)
What is a foramina?
A hole in a bone which blood vessels or nerves pass through
What is Avascular necrosis?
Death of the bone as a result of a loss of blood supply to the bone
What is special about the blood supply to bones in childhood?
The epiphysis and diaphysis have separate blood supplies
What happens to the blood supply once the epiphyseal plate has fused stopping growth?
Bone only has 1 blood supply
What is the function of a joint?
Connects bone to one another
How does Range of movement at a joint relate to its stability?
Higher the stability lower the range of motion
Lower the stability higher the range of motion
The risk of what increases with a higher range of motion?
Dislocation
How many classifications of joints are there?
3
What are the 3 classifications of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
List the joint with the highest stability to lowest stability?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Where are fibrous joints found and what feature joins the bones together?
Found joining the skull bones together
Have very limited mobility
COLLAGEN FIBRES JOINING THE BONES
How do cartilaginous joints join bones and where are they found?
They act as glue holding bones together
Found at ends of growing bones or along midlin eof adult body
Where are primary cartilaginous joints found?
In growing bones
Where are secondary cartilaginous joints found?
In adults
Describe a synovial joint:
Bones capped with articular cartilage with synovial fluid between them.
Capsule surrounds this
What are the 6 types of synovial joint?
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
Condyloid
Ball and socket
How does a synovial joint develop?
Essentially an interruption in the cartilage model of the bone
Chondrocytes in the middle die and the Perichondrium becomes periosteum
Describe a 1st class lever:
Fulcrum in the middle
Effort and load on either side
Describe a 2nd class lever:
Load in the middle with effort and fulcrum on either side
Describe a third class lever`:
Effort in the middle and fulcrum and load either side
What is the origin of a muscle?
THe fixed proximal attachment point
What is the insertion point of a muscle?
The mobile distal attachment point
Do muscles only push or pull?
PULL NEVER PUSH
What are the 3 types of muscle contraction?
Concentric contraction
Eccentric contraction
Isometric contraction
What is concentric contraction?
Muscle pulls while shortening
What is eccentric contraction?
Muscle pulls while lengthening (trying to bicep curl a weight that’s too heavy)
What is isometric contraction?
Muscle pulls while staying same length (trying to carry a heavy load)
What surrounds a group of muscle?
Fascia
What is a group of muscles surrounded by fascia called?
A fascial compartment
What do the muscles in a compartment normally share?
Nerves and blood vessels
Why do tendons and ligaments heal slowly/
They have a poor blood supply since they are packed with so much collagen
What are aponeurosis?
A flattened sheet like tendon
What is Hilton’s idea?
A nerve supplying a muscle acting on a joint will be sensory to the at joint and the skin overlying it
Is the body segmented?
Yes
What genes regulate body segmentation?
Hox genes
What type of connective tissue is a tendon?
Dense regular connective tissue
