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LECOM MS1 Gross Anatomy > MS1 Osteology and Articulations > Flashcards

MS1 Osteology and Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

33

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2
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there

A

7

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3
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there

A

12

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4
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there

A

5

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5
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there

A

5

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6
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there

A

4

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7
Q

What is the function of the spinal column

A
  • Structural and postural support
  • movement of the limbs
  • protection of the spinal cord
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8
Q

What movements can the vertebral column perform

A

Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Sidebending

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9
Q

What are the two types of spinal curvatures

A

primary

secondary

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10
Q

How are the spinal curvatures formed

A

as bipedal individuals, once you start ambulating the primary curvature adds secondary curvatures to adjust to the weight

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11
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Extreme curvature of the secondary curvature of the lumbar area
“swayback deformity”

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12
Q

What areas have primary curvature

A

sacral and thoracic

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13
Q

What areas have secondary curvature

A

lumbar and cervical

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14
Q

What is kyphosis

A

extreme curvature of the primary curvature in the thoracic region

“hunchback deformity” or “dowager’s hump in osteoporosis”

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15
Q

What is scoliosis

A

extreme curvature laterally to the side

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16
Q

What are the possible causes of scoliosis

A

Congenital
Myopathic
Function
Habitual or Idiopathic

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17
Q

What is the congenital cause of scoliosis

A

Improperly formed vertebra

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18
Q

What is the myopathic cause of scoliosis

A

Resulting from asymmetric muscle weakness or spasticity

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19
Q

What is the functional cause of scholiosis

A

different leg lengths

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20
Q

What determines the movement in a specific area of the vertebral column

A

The direction of the facets

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21
Q

What are unique qualities of cervical vertebrae

A
  • transverse foramen
  • short spinal processes
  • uncinate process
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22
Q

Where is the transverse foramen found and what does it transmit

A

found on the transverse process of cervical vertebrae (c1-C6; skips C7)

transmits the vertebral artery

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23
Q

Where is the transverse foramen found and what does it transmit

A

found on the transverse process of cervical vertebrae (c1-C6; skips C7)

transmits the vertebral artery

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24
Q

What is the atlas

A

cervical vertebrae 1

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25
Q

What is unique to the structure of the atlas

A

no vertebral body, just lateral masses

anterior and posterior arch

articulating surface for dens of C2

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26
Q

What is the dens

A

Odontoid process of C2

Strong conical process that extends superiorly into the anterior portion of the atlas

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27
Q

What is the function of the dens

A

serves as a body or pivot point for the atlas

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28
Q

How does the dens stay attached to C1

A

anchored via ligaments

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29
Q

What is the direction of the facets in the thoracic region

A

The superior articulating facets face posterior

The inferior articulating facets face anterior

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30
Q

Describe the direction of facets in the lumbar region

A

Superior articulated facet faces medial

Inferior articulating facet faces lateral

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31
Q

What is the sacrum composed of

A

5 vertebrae that fused

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32
Q

What is the coccyx composed of

A

3-4 vertebrae that fused

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33
Q

What is transmitted by the sacral canal

A

spinal nerves collectively known as cauda equina

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34
Q

Where do the spinal nerve roots leave the sacrum

A

through the foramen as spinal nerves

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35
Q

What is the vertebral foramen

A

creates a vertebral canal

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36
Q

What runs through the vertebral foramen

A

the spinal cord

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37
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen

A

a canal behind body of vertebrae and anterior to spinous process that runs straight through medially and laterally

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38
Q

What runs through the intervertebral foramen

A

transmits spinal nerves

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39
Q

From the skin, what aligns with the vertebra prominens

A

C7 spinous process

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40
Q

From the skin, what aligns with the spine of the scapula

A

T3 spinous process

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41
Q

From the skin, what aligns with the inferior border of the scapul

A

T7 spinous process

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42
Q

From the skin, what aligns with the 12th rib

A

T12 spinous process

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43
Q

From the skin, what aligns with the iliac crest

A

L4 spinous process

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44
Q

From the skin, what aligns with the posterior superior iliac spine

A

S2 spinous process

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45
Q

What type of joint is a zygopophyseal joint and what type in that category

A

synovial, plane/gliding joint

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46
Q

What is another name for the zygopophyseal joint

A

Facet joint

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47
Q

What are the articulations seen between vertebrae

A

Facet joint

Symphyses of vertebral bodies

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48
Q

What are zygopophyseal joints innervated by

A

branches of posterior rami

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49
Q

How can zygopophyseal joint innervation be treated clinically for inflammation of these joints

A

target the branches of the posterior rami

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50
Q

What types of movements are seen in the cervical region

A

wider range of motions

  • flexion
  • extension
  • rotation
  • bending
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51
Q

What types of movements will be seen in the thoracic region

A

not as much as cervical region

  • flexion
  • extension
  • lateral flexion and rotation
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52
Q

What types of movements will be seen in the lumbar region

A

very very limited

  • mostly flexion and extension
  • some bending
  • rotation prohibited
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53
Q

What are IV discs composed of

A

Fibrocartilage

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54
Q

What are the 2 parts that make up an IV disc

A

Anulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

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55
Q

What type of joint is vertebral bodies with an IV disc

A

secondary cartilaginous joint

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56
Q

What vertebrae lacks an IV disc

A

C1 and C2

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57
Q

What part of the IV disc is at risk of degeneration with age

A

Nucleus pulposus

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58
Q

What causes the nucleus pulposus to be at at increased risk with degeneration with aging

A

it dehydrates over time

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59
Q

What are IV discs innervated by

A

Anterior rami

60
Q

What is an osteophyte

A

a bony outgrowth

61
Q

What is an osteophyte usually associated with and results because of

A

degeneration of cartilage at joints

62
Q

What causes the formation of a osteophyte with degeneration of cartilage at the joints

A

cartilage is being replaced with bone

63
Q

What joints are unique to the cervical region

A

uncovertebral joints

64
Q

What is the clinical significance of uncovertebral joints

A

may undergo degenerative changes and produce spndylophytes that can impinge on the IV foramen and compress the spinal nerves

65
Q

What is another name for uncovertebral joints

A

synovial joints of Luschka

66
Q

What parts of the cervical region have synovial joints of Luschka

67
Q

What is ankylosing spondylitis

A

inflammation of the vertebral joints and ligaments and ossification of annulus fibrosus

68
Q

Where does ankylosing spondylitis occur usually

A

in lumbar and sacroiliac regions

69
Q

What does ossification of annulus fibrosus create on imagin

A

bamboo spine

fusion of vertebral segments

70
Q

What does ossification of annulus fribrosus result in

A

fusion of vertebral segments, pain, and stiffness

71
Q

What regions are hernias most common in

A

lumbar and cervical

72
Q

What is usually the cause of hernias in the lumbar region

73
Q

What is usually the cause of hernias in the cervical region

A

wide range of motion

74
Q

What structures determine direction of herniation

A

Annulus fibrosus

Posterior longitudinal ligament

75
Q

How does annulus fibrosus determine direction of herniation

A

annulus fibrosus is weakest in the posterior lateral aspect

76
Q

How does posterior longitudinal ligament determine the direction of herniation

A

it is directly posterior and stronger to get through

77
Q

What direction do most herniations occur in

A

posterolateral

78
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint and what type in that category

A

Synovial; condyloid joint

79
Q

What movements are permitted by the atlanto occipital joint

A

flexion and extension of the head

80
Q

What is the atlanto occipital membrane

A

the most superficial tissue you will encounter during surgery

81
Q

What are the articulations between the atlas and the axis

A

2 lateral atlanto-axial joints

1 median atlanto-axial joint

82
Q

What type of joints are the 2 lateral atlanto-axial joints between the atlas and the axis

A

synovial; plane/gliding

83
Q

What type of joint is the 1 median atlanto-axial joint

A

synovial; pivot

84
Q

What movements are permitted by the atlanto-axial joints

A

rotation of the head

85
Q

Where are the alar ligaments

A

On the sides of the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum

86
Q

What are the functions of the alar ligaments

A

to act as a check on rotation of the head, to prevent excessive rotation

87
Q

Where makes up the cruciform ligament

A

transverse portion

longitudinal portion

88
Q

Where is the transverse portion of the cruciform ligament

A

runs between the lateral masses of C1

89
Q

Where is the longitudinal portion of the cruciform ligament

A

Extends from C2 to occipital bone

90
Q

What is the function of the cruciform ligament

A

hold the dens against C1

91
Q

What are the articulations of the pelvis

A

lumbosacral joint

sacro-iliac joints

92
Q

Where is the lumbosacral joint

A

between L5 and S1

93
Q

Where is the sacro-iliac joint

A

between sacrum and ilium (pelvic bone)

94
Q

What are the ligaments of the vertebral column

A 
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Supraspinous ligament
anterior longitudinal ligament
ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament
Intertransverse ligament
95
Q

Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament

A

runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral body vertically up the entire spinal column

96
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament

A

to prevent hyperflexion of the spine, brings spine back up to an erect postion

97
Q

Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament located

A

anterior portion of the vertebral bodies

runs vertical up the spinal column

98
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament

A

prevent hyperextension of the spinal column

99
Q

What ligament is at risk with whiplash

100
Q

Where is the ligamentum flavum located

A

between all the lamina of the vertebrae

101
Q

What is the function of ligamentum flavum

A

prevents excessive flexion

supports vertebral column

102
Q

Where is the supraspinous ligament

A

runs up the spinal processes of the vertebral column

103
Q

What is the function of the supraspinous ligament

A

to prevent excessive flexion

104
Q

Where are interspinous ligaments located

A

between spinous processes

105
Q

Where are intertransverse ligaments located

A

between transverse processes

106
Q

What is the function of intertransverse ligaments

107
Q

What is the function of interspinous ligaments

A

support the vertebral column

108
Q

Where is the ligamentum nuchae found

A

at the back of the neck
-external occipital protuberance to spinous process C7

-merges with supraspinous ligament in cervical region

109
Q

What is the function of the nuchal ligament

A

prevent excessive flexion of the neck and head

supports the head

posterior edge provides site of muscle attachment in the neck

110
Q

What is spondylolysis

A

fracture of the pars

111
Q

What is spondylolisthesis

A

fracture of the pars completely that results in the vertebral body sliding (listing) forward

112
Q

What is the function of the uncinate processes

A

hook like processes that link sides of vertebral bodies together

113
Q

What is the sulcus of a vertebral body

A

the trough area where the nerve comes out through

114
Q

What is radiculopathy

A

nerve impingement at 1 of the spinal root branches

115
Q

What is a Burst (jefferson’s) fracture

A

forces compress the skull on C1

enough force causes C1 to fracture outwards (burst)

116
Q

What is a hangman’s fracture caused by

A

hyperextension injury of the neck

117
Q

What does the hangman’s fracture result in

A

portion of C2 gets snapped

118
Q

What types of things can cause Hangman’s fracture

A

Hanging
MVA
compression
abrupt deaccelerating injuries

119
Q

What are the most superficial atlanto occipital membrane

A

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

and the anterior atlanto occipital membrane

120
Q

Where does the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane attach

A

occipital bone to atlas

121
Q

Where is the anterior atlanto occipital membrane

A

on the anterior side of neck, attaches from occipital bone to atlas

122
Q

After the posterior antlanto occipital membrane is removed,

what is seen below

A

the spinal cord

123
Q

If you remove the spinal cord, what membrane is seen below

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

124
Q

If you remove the tectorial membrane, what is just deep to this

A

transverse ligament
cruciate ligament
alar ligaments

125
Q

What are the ligaments of the pelvic region

A

iliolumbar ligament

anterior sacroiliac ligaments

126
Q

Where is the iliolumbar ligament located

A

transverse of L5 to ilium

127
Q

What is the function of the iliolumbar ligament

A

prevents L5 from sliding forward on sacrum

prevents twisting and lateral flexion of L5

128
Q

What is spinal stenosis

A

orifice gets compromised and narrow and compresses on nerves

129
Q

What does spinal stenosis cause symptom wise

A

leg pain and weakness

130
Q

What can cause spinal stenosis

A

hypertrophied ligaments

facet joint disease

131
Q

What does whiplash cause

A

hyperextension of neck and head

132
Q

What injuries result because of whiplash

A

stretch ALL
stretch muscles in front of neck
ligamentous pain and muscle strain

133
Q

What is the function of facet joints

A

permits or dismisses movement between vertebra

134
Q

What is the structure of anulus fibrosus

A

stiff

resists axial compression

135
Q

What is the function of anulus fibrosus

A

prevents nucleus pulposus from bulging out

136
Q

What is the structure of nucleus pulposus

A

hydrated gel/ semifluid mass

compressible and expands radially under compression

137
Q

What are vertebral endplates

A

cartilage plates

138
Q

What is the function of vertebral endplates

A

attach disc to body

139
Q

What is creep

A

loss in height of the IV discs due to fluid loss

140
Q

What type of tissue is the Anulus fibrosus

A

poroelastic tissue that expels fluid with time

141
Q

How are synovial discs innervated

A

sympathetic vertebral plexus

sinuvertebral nerves from anterior rami

142
Q

Where are the two most common vertebrae sites for herniation

A

L5/S1

L4/L5

143
Q

What are schmorl’s nodes

A

When IV discs herniate vertically and create divots in the body of vertebrae

144
Q

Where does the pars interarticularis lie

A

bony part between superior and inferior parts of the vertebra

on the lamina

145
Q

Scottie dogs seen on xray help visualize the pars, what are the parts of the scottie dog

A

eye: pedicle
ear: superior articulating process
leg: inferior articulating process
nose: transverse process
neck/ collar: pars

146
Q

What are the two types of pars fractures

A

spondylolysis

spondylolisthesis

147
Q

What motion can cause pars fractures

A

hyperextension of the back

LECOM MS1 Gross Anatomy (12 decks)

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