MS1 Osteology and Articulations Flashcards
1
Q
How many vertebrae are there?
A
33
2
Q
How many cervical vertebrae are there
A
7
3
Q
How many thoracic vertebrae are there
A
12
4
Q
How many lumbar vertebrae are there
A
5
5
Q
How many sacral vertebrae are there
A
5
6
Q
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there
A
4
7
Q
What is the function of the spinal column
A
- Structural and postural support
- movement of the limbs
- protection of the spinal cord
8
Q
What movements can the vertebral column perform
A
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Sidebending
9
Q
What are the two types of spinal curvatures
A
primary
secondary
10
Q
How are the spinal curvatures formed
A
as bipedal individuals, once you start ambulating the primary curvature adds secondary curvatures to adjust to the weight
11
Q
What is lordosis?
A
Extreme curvature of the secondary curvature of the lumbar area
“swayback deformity”
12
Q
What areas have primary curvature
A
sacral and thoracic
13
Q
What areas have secondary curvature
A
lumbar and cervical
14
Q
What is kyphosis
A
extreme curvature of the primary curvature in the thoracic region
“hunchback deformity” or “dowager’s hump in osteoporosis”
15
Q
What is scoliosis
A
extreme curvature laterally to the side
16
Q
What are the possible causes of scoliosis
A
Congenital
Myopathic
Function
Habitual or Idiopathic
17
Q
What is the congenital cause of scoliosis
A
Improperly formed vertebra
18
Q
What is the myopathic cause of scoliosis
A
Resulting from asymmetric muscle weakness or spasticity
19
Q
What is the functional cause of scholiosis
A
different leg lengths
20
Q
What determines the movement in a specific area of the vertebral column
A
The direction of the facets
21
Q
What are unique qualities of cervical vertebrae
A
- transverse foramen
- short spinal processes
- uncinate process
22
Q
Where is the transverse foramen found and what does it transmit
A
found on the transverse process of cervical vertebrae (c1-C6; skips C7)
transmits the vertebral artery
23
Q
Where is the transverse foramen found and what does it transmit
A
found on the transverse process of cervical vertebrae (c1-C6; skips C7)
transmits the vertebral artery
24
Q
What is the atlas
A
cervical vertebrae 1
25
What is unique to the structure of the atlas
no vertebral body, just lateral masses
anterior and posterior arch
articulating surface for dens of C2
26
What is the dens
Odontoid process of C2
| Strong conical process that extends superiorly into the anterior portion of the atlas
27
What is the function of the dens
serves as a body or pivot point for the atlas
28
How does the dens stay attached to C1
anchored via ligaments
29
What is the direction of the facets in the thoracic region
The superior articulating facets face posterior
The inferior articulating facets face anterior
30
Describe the direction of facets in the lumbar region
Superior articulated facet faces medial
Inferior articulating facet faces lateral
31
What is the sacrum composed of
5 vertebrae that fused
32
What is the coccyx composed of
3-4 vertebrae that fused
33
What is transmitted by the sacral canal
spinal nerves collectively known as cauda equina
34
Where do the spinal nerve roots leave the sacrum
through the foramen as spinal nerves
35
What is the vertebral foramen
creates a vertebral canal
36
What runs through the vertebral foramen
the spinal cord
37
What is the intervertebral foramen
a canal behind body of vertebrae and anterior to spinous process that runs straight through medially and laterally
38
What runs through the intervertebral foramen
transmits spinal nerves
39
From the skin, what aligns with the vertebra prominens
C7 spinous process
40
From the skin, what aligns with the spine of the scapula
T3 spinous process
41
From the skin, what aligns with the inferior border of the scapul
T7 spinous process
42
From the skin, what aligns with the 12th rib
T12 spinous process
43
From the skin, what aligns with the iliac crest
L4 spinous process
44
From the skin, what aligns with the posterior superior iliac spine
S2 spinous process
45
What type of joint is a zygopophyseal joint and what type in that category
synovial, plane/gliding joint
46
What is another name for the zygopophyseal joint
Facet joint
47
What are the articulations seen between vertebrae
Facet joint
| Symphyses of vertebral bodies
48
What are zygopophyseal joints innervated by
branches of posterior rami
49
How can zygopophyseal joint innervation be treated clinically for inflammation of these joints
target the branches of the posterior rami
50
What types of movements are seen in the cervical region
wider range of motions
- flexion
- extension
- rotation
- bending
51
What types of movements will be seen in the thoracic region
not as much as cervical region
- flexion
- extension
- lateral flexion and rotation
52
What types of movements will be seen in the lumbar region
very very limited
- mostly flexion and extension
- some bending
- rotation prohibited
53
What are IV discs composed of
Fibrocartilage
54
What are the 2 parts that make up an IV disc
Anulus fibrosus
| Nucleus pulposus
55
What type of joint is vertebral bodies with an IV disc
secondary cartilaginous joint
56
What vertebrae lacks an IV disc
C1 and C2
57
What part of the IV disc is at risk of degeneration with age
Nucleus pulposus
58
What causes the nucleus pulposus to be at at increased risk with degeneration with aging
it dehydrates over time
59
What are IV discs innervated by
Anterior rami
60
What is an osteophyte
a bony outgrowth
61
What is an osteophyte usually associated with and results because of
degeneration of cartilage at joints
62
What causes the formation of a osteophyte with degeneration of cartilage at the joints
cartilage is being replaced with bone
63
What joints are unique to the cervical region
uncovertebral joints
64
What is the clinical significance of uncovertebral joints
may undergo degenerative changes and produce spndylophytes that can impinge on the IV foramen and compress the spinal nerves
65
What is another name for uncovertebral joints
synovial joints of Luschka
66
What parts of the cervical region have synovial joints of Luschka
C3-C7
67
What is ankylosing spondylitis
inflammation of the vertebral joints and ligaments and ossification of annulus fibrosus
68
Where does ankylosing spondylitis occur usually
in lumbar and sacroiliac regions
69
What does ossification of annulus fibrosus create on imagin
bamboo spine
| fusion of vertebral segments
70
What does ossification of annulus fribrosus result in
fusion of vertebral segments, pain, and stiffness
71
What regions are hernias most common in
lumbar and cervical
72
What is usually the cause of hernias in the lumbar region
weight
73
What is usually the cause of hernias in the cervical region
wide range of motion
74
What structures determine direction of herniation
Annulus fibrosus
| Posterior longitudinal ligament
75
How does annulus fibrosus determine direction of herniation
annulus fibrosus is weakest in the posterior lateral aspect
76
How does posterior longitudinal ligament determine the direction of herniation
it is directly posterior and stronger to get through
77
What direction do most herniations occur in
posterolateral
78
What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint and what type in that category
Synovial; condyloid joint
79
What movements are permitted by the atlanto occipital joint
flexion and extension of the head
80
What is the atlanto occipital membrane
the most superficial tissue you will encounter during surgery
81
What are the articulations between the atlas and the axis
2 lateral atlanto-axial joints
1 median atlanto-axial joint
82
What type of joints are the 2 lateral atlanto-axial joints between the atlas and the axis
synovial; plane/gliding
83
What type of joint is the 1 median atlanto-axial joint
synovial; pivot
84
What movements are permitted by the atlanto-axial joints
rotation of the head
85
Where are the alar ligaments
On the sides of the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum
86
What are the functions of the alar ligaments
to act as a check on rotation of the head, to prevent excessive rotation
87
Where makes up the cruciform ligament
transverse portion
| longitudinal portion
88
Where is the transverse portion of the cruciform ligament
runs between the lateral masses of C1
89
Where is the longitudinal portion of the cruciform ligament
Extends from C2 to occipital bone
90
What is the function of the cruciform ligament
hold the dens against C1
91
What are the articulations of the pelvis
lumbosacral joint
| sacro-iliac joints
92
Where is the lumbosacral joint
between L5 and S1
93
Where is the sacro-iliac joint
between sacrum and ilium (pelvic bone)
94
What are the ligaments of the vertebral column
```
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Supraspinous ligament
anterior longitudinal ligament
ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament
Intertransverse ligament
```
95
Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament
runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral body vertically up the entire spinal column
96
What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament
to prevent hyperflexion of the spine, brings spine back up to an erect postion
97
Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament located
anterior portion of the vertebral bodies
| runs vertical up the spinal column
98
What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament
prevent hyperextension of the spinal column
99
What ligament is at risk with whiplash
ALL
100
Where is the ligamentum flavum located
between all the lamina of the vertebrae
101
What is the function of ligamentum flavum
prevents excessive flexion
| supports vertebral column
102
Where is the supraspinous ligament
runs up the spinal processes of the vertebral column
103
What is the function of the supraspinous ligament
to prevent excessive flexion
104
Where are interspinous ligaments located
between spinous processes
105
Where are intertransverse ligaments located
between transverse processes
106
What is the function of intertransverse ligaments
support
107
What is the function of interspinous ligaments
support the vertebral column
108
Where is the ligamentum nuchae found
at the back of the neck
-external occipital protuberance to spinous process C7
-merges with supraspinous ligament in cervical region
109
What is the function of the nuchal ligament
prevent excessive flexion of the neck and head
supports the head
posterior edge provides site of muscle attachment in the neck
110
What is spondylolysis
fracture of the pars
111
What is spondylolisthesis
fracture of the pars completely that results in the vertebral body sliding (listing) forward
112
What is the function of the uncinate processes
hook like processes that link sides of vertebral bodies together
113
What is the sulcus of a vertebral body
the trough area where the nerve comes out through
114
What is radiculopathy
nerve impingement at 1 of the spinal root branches
115
What is a Burst (jefferson's) fracture
forces compress the skull on C1
enough force causes C1 to fracture outwards (burst)
116
What is a hangman's fracture caused by
hyperextension injury of the neck
117
What does the hangman's fracture result in
portion of C2 gets snapped
118
What types of things can cause Hangman's fracture
Hanging
MVA
compression
abrupt deaccelerating injuries
119
What are the most superficial atlanto occipital membrane
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
| and the anterior atlanto occipital membrane
120
Where does the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane attach
occipital bone to atlas
121
Where is the anterior atlanto occipital membrane
on the anterior side of neck, attaches from occipital bone to atlas
122
After the posterior antlanto occipital membrane is removed,
| what is seen below
the spinal cord
123
If you remove the spinal cord, what membrane is seen below
Posterior longitudinal ligament
124
If you remove the tectorial membrane, what is just deep to this
transverse ligament
cruciate ligament
alar ligaments
125
What are the ligaments of the pelvic region
iliolumbar ligament
| anterior sacroiliac ligaments
126
Where is the iliolumbar ligament located
transverse of L5 to ilium
127
What is the function of the iliolumbar ligament
prevents L5 from sliding forward on sacrum
prevents twisting and lateral flexion of L5
128
What is spinal stenosis
orifice gets compromised and narrow and compresses on nerves
129
What does spinal stenosis cause symptom wise
leg pain and weakness
130
What can cause spinal stenosis
hypertrophied ligaments
| facet joint disease
131
What does whiplash cause
hyperextension of neck and head
132
What injuries result because of whiplash
stretch ALL
stretch muscles in front of neck
ligamentous pain and muscle strain
133
What is the function of facet joints
permits or dismisses movement between vertebra
134
What is the structure of anulus fibrosus
stiff
| resists axial compression
135
What is the function of anulus fibrosus
prevents nucleus pulposus from bulging out
136
What is the structure of nucleus pulposus
hydrated gel/ semifluid mass
| compressible and expands radially under compression
137
What are vertebral endplates
cartilage plates
138
What is the function of vertebral endplates
attach disc to body
139
What is creep
loss in height of the IV discs due to fluid loss
140
What type of tissue is the Anulus fibrosus
poroelastic tissue that expels fluid with time
141
How are synovial discs innervated
sympathetic vertebral plexus
| sinuvertebral nerves from anterior rami
142
Where are the two most common vertebrae sites for herniation
L5/S1
| L4/L5
143
What are schmorl's nodes
When IV discs herniate vertically and create divots in the body of vertebrae
144
Where does the pars interarticularis lie
bony part between superior and inferior parts of the vertebra
on the lamina
145
Scottie dogs seen on xray help visualize the pars, what are the parts of the scottie dog
eye: pedicle
ear: superior articulating process
leg: inferior articulating process
nose: transverse process
neck/ collar: pars
146
What are the two types of pars fractures
spondylolysis
| spondylolisthesis
147
What motion can cause pars fractures
hyperextension of the back
