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Biopsych > Movement > Flashcards

Movement Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, and Skeletal Muscle

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2
Q

Smooth muscle Tissue and Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Involuntary control

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3
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Voluntary control

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4
Q

What are muscles made of?

A

Muscle fibers

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5
Q

What are muscle fibers made of?

A

Myosin and actin filaments

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6
Q

How does a muscle contract?

A

Motor neuron releases acetylcholine and opens calcium channels
Myosin pulls on the actin

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7
Q

How do motor neurons stimulate muscle fibers?

A

Secrete acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction

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8
Q

Motor Unit

A

all the muscle fibers controlled by one motor neuron

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9
Q

Antagonistic Muscles

A

Produce opposite movements at a joint

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10
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Muscle stretch receptors

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11
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Detect tension in a muscle to prevent damage

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12
Q

Stretch reflex

A

When a muscle is stretched a reflex circuit triggers contraction–> restores the muscle to its original length

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13
Q

Central Pattern Generators

A

Neuronal networks that produce rhythmic motor activity patterns

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14
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Plans actions with regard to their consequences

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15
Q

Where does the prefrontal Cortex receive info?

A

From the ventral stream

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16
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

Begins programming movements

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17
Q

Supplementary motor area

A

Assembles sequences of movements

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18
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

executing voluntary movements

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19
Q

What is the basal ganglia made of?

A

Caudate nucleus
putamen
Globus pallidus

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20
Q

Cerebellum

A

Receives info. from motor cortex

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21
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Motor tremors
Loss of balance and coordination
Difficulty in moving

22
Q

Causes of Parkinson’s disease

A

Deterioration of the substantia nigra

Loss of dopamine in the brain

23
Q

What percentage of Parkinson’s disease is genetic?

A

10%

24
Q

L-dopa

A

Popular treatment of parkinson’s disease

Precursor to dopamine

25
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Degenerative disorder of the motor system
Cognitive impairment
depression
Personality changes

26
Q

What are motor symptoms of huntington’s disease caused by?

A

degeneration of neurons in the striatum

27
Q

What is huntington’s disease caused by?

A

Mutation in huntingtin gene

28
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Muscular weakness caused by a decrease in number or sensitivity of acetylcholine receptors
Autoimmune Disease

29
Q

Treatment for Myasthenia Gravis

A

Removal of the thymus

30
Q

Mulitple Sclerosis

A

degeneration of myelin and neuron loss in the CNS

31
Q

Demyelination

A

Causes slowing or elimination of neural impulses–> Reducing speed and strengths of movements

32
Q

What happens to demyelinated neurons?

A

They die and become scar tissue

33
Q

Treatments for Multiple sclerosis?

A

Decreasing the immune response
Potassium channel blockers
Stem cells to reverse cell loss

34
Q

How is sensory information processed?

A

In a hierarchy

35
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory relay center in the brain

36
Q

4 types of skin receptors

A

Touch, Warmth, Cold, and Pain

37
Q

Labeled Lines

A

each skin receptor is specialized for a particular stimulus and pathway

38
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Detect warmth, cold, and pain

39
Q

Encapsulated receptors

A

detect touch

40
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Vibrations

41
Q

Meissners corpuscles and Merkel’s discs

A

touch

42
Q

Ruffini’s ending

A

Stretch

43
Q

Receptive fields for Pacinian corpuscles and ruffinis ending

A

Large

44
Q

Receptive fields for Meissner’s corpuscle and Merkel’s disc

A

Small

45
Q

Sharp Pain

A

Large myelinated A-delta axons that convey info. quickly

46
Q

Dull pain

A

Unmyelinated C axons that conduct slowly

Persists longer

47
Q

What does the spinal cord do to increase pain sensitivity?

A

Releases glutamate and substance P

48
Q

Congenital Insensitivity to pain

A

Inability to feel pain

49
Q

Causes of CIPA

A

Nonfunctioning sodium channels in pain neurons
loss of unmyelinated pain fibers
elevated endogenous opioid levels

50
Q

Chronic Pain

A

Persists after healing
Reduced pain threshold
Loss of gray matter

51
Q

Phantom Pain

A

experienced in people’s limb or body part

Biopsych (12 decks)

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