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Biopsych > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of the brain are neurons?

A

10%

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2
Q

What percent of the brain is glia?

A

90%

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3
Q

Neurons

A

Convey sensory info. to the brain

  • Involved in thoughts and feelings
  • Send commands to body to control muscles
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4
Q

Soma

A

Cell body

-Filled with cytoplasm and organelles

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle

Contains chromosomes

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6
Q

Motor Neuron

A

carries commands to the muscles and organs

Multipolar

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch out from the cell body

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8
Q

Function of Dendrites

A

Receive info. from other neurons

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9
Q

Axon

A

Extends from the soma like a tail

Carries info. to other locations

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10
Q

What are axons insulated with?

A

Myelin

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11
Q

What cells secrete myelin?

A

Glia

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12
Q

Terminals

A

Found at the end of an axon

Release neurotransmitters to communicate with a target at a synapse

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13
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between 2 neurons

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14
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Carry input from the outside world to the brain and spinal cord
Unipolar

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

Communicates with nearby neurons

Multipolar

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16
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Encloses the cell

Made of Lipids and Proteins

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17
Q

Lipids

A

Has water soluble heads–> attracted to water

Has water insoluble tails–> repelled by water

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18
Q

Selectively permeable membrane

A

Water and gasses pass freely

Others pass through protein channels in the membrane

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19
Q

Voltage

A

a difference in electrical charge inside and outside the cell

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20
Q

Potential

A

Any change in a membranes volatage

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21
Q

Resting Potential

A

Difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell when at rest

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22
Q

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

A

-70mV

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23
Q

What causes a resting potential?

A

Unequal distribution of ions on either side of the membrane

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24
Q

What ions are on the outside of the membrane?

A

Na+ and Cl- ions

25
Q

What ions are on the inside of the membrane?

A

K+ and organic anions

26
Q

What forces maintain resting potential?

A

Force of Diffusion

Electrostatic Pressure

27
Q

Force of Diffusion

A

Ions move from high to low concentration

28
Q

Electrostatic Pressure

A

Ions are attracted to the side that is oppositely charged

29
Q

How do ions cross the membrane?

A

Selective ion channels

30
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in

31
Q

Action Potential

A

Allows neurons to communicate over long distances

32
Q

When is an action potential triggered?

A

When depolarization reaches -60mV

33
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

Sodium channels cant open and the axon cant fire

34
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

Some channels can open but not all

35
Q

Local potential

A

Diminishes over distance

36
Q

What cells relay messages in the brain?

A

Neurons and glia

37
Q

Glial Cells

A

provide supportive functions to neurons

38
Q

Rate Law

A

Firing rate of neuron proportional to stimulus activity

39
Q

Neurotoxins

A

Can affect ion channels in AP

40
Q

Oligodentrocytes

A

produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord

41
Q

Schwann cells

A

produces myelin in the rest of the nervous system

42
Q

Microglia

A

immune cells–> monitor for damage\debris

43
Q

Astrocytes

A

Have long extensions that monitor neural activity

44
Q

Myelin

A

increases conduction

45
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

myelin gaps

Where APs occur

46
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

AP jumps from node to node

47
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

Vesicles

48
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

Transmits the signal

49
Q

Post synaptic neuron

A

Receives the signal

Neurotransmitter docks on chemical receptors

50
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

cause ion channels to open directly

51
Q

Metabotropic Receptors

A

opens channels indirectly

Slower and longer lasting effects

52
Q

Which type of transmission is faster?

A

Electrical

53
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

inhibitory–> makes an action potential less likely to occur

creates an IPSP

54
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

opens potassium channels or chloride channels or both

55
Q

Hypopolarization

A

creates an EPSP

Makes a neuron more likely to fire

56
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

opens sodium channels

57
Q

How are neurotransmitters removed?

A

Through reuptake and Deactivation

58
Q

Reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters are taken back into terminals

59
Q

Deactivation

A

Enzymes break down neurotransmitters in the cleft

Biopsych (12 decks)

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