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B&B 3 > Motor Systems I-III > Flashcards

Motor Systems I-III Flashcards

1
Q

location of proximal vs distal and flexor vs extensor interneurons in the ventral horn

A

proximal motor neurons are medial and dorsal, distal motor neurons are lateral and more ventral

extensors are medial and ventral, flexors are lateral and dorsal

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2
Q

location of pximal vs distal and flexor vs extensor interneurons in the ventral horn

A

proximal motor neurons are medial and dorsal, distal motor neurons are lateral and more ventral

extensors are medial and ventral, flexors are lateral and dorsal

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3
Q

where in the spinal cord are descending tracts located?

A

in the white matter adjacent to the relevant motoneuron pools they control

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4
Q

where does proprioceptive input originate? Where does the cutaneous input to that cortical column originate?

A

in the distal joint involved in the movement of the muscle which that column influences

the cutaneous input to that cortical column originates in the skin region lying in the path of limb movement produced by those muscle contracting

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5
Q

word to describe how the precentral motor cortex is organized

A

somatotopically

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6
Q

these have tight input-output coupling

A

cortical columns

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7
Q

inputs from proprioception and cutaneous input to a column travel through

A

thalamic VA-VL nuclei

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8
Q

path of cortical reflex

A

retina, LGN, visual cortex, PIT, AIT, prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex

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9
Q

path of visuo-motor reflex

A

retina, LGN, visual cortex, PIT, AIT, prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, motor cortex, to spinal cord, to finger muscle

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10
Q

percentage of the corticospinal tract that arises in the precentral and postcentral cortex

A

90%

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11
Q

what is the 80% of corticospinal tract that crosses at the end of the pyramids?

what is the 20% of the corticospinal tract that remains ipsilateral?

A

lateral corticospinal tract

anterior corticospinal tract

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12
Q

corticospinal system pathway in brain and brainstem from top to bottom

A

corona radiata, internal capsule, cerebral peduncle, basis pontis, medullary pyramids, medullary decussation

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13
Q

how are the sacral, lumbar, thoracic, and cervical neurons arranged in the spinal cord?

A

medial to lateral: C, T, L, S

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14
Q

what type of control for pathways controlling axial and proximal muscles for posture

A

tonically

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15
Q

control for pathways controlling distal muscles for discrete movements

A

phasically

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16
Q

tonic systems include

A

pontine reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, tectospinal

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17
Q

phasic systems include

A

corticospinal, rubrospinal, medullary reticulospinal

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18
Q

medullary reticulospinal tract vs pontine reticulospinal tract: which is excitatory, which is inhibitory? which turns on when dreaming?

A

medullary reticulospinal tract is inhibitory/turns on when dreaming (paralysis)

pontine reticulospinal tract is excitatory

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19
Q

where do pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts end?

A

pontine ends at the level of C8 in the most medial aspect of the ipsilateral ventral spinal cord

medullary ends at level of C8 in the most anterior aspect of the ipsilateral spinal cord

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20
Q

what do the vestibulospinal tracts terminate on?

A

alpha motor neurons (don’t forget alpha-gamma linkage)

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21
Q

origin of tectospinal tract

A

superior colliculus

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22
Q

tract used for movement of neck and following an object with eyes while turning head

A

tectospinal tract

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23
Q

where does tectospinal tract terminate?

A

extensor interneurons in upper cervical region

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24
Q

where does lateral corticospinal terminate?

anterior corticospinal?

A

mostly flexors, somewhat on extensors, interneuron pools

extensor interneurons

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25
Q

termination sites of rubrospinal tract

A

flexor alpha motor neurons (cervical), extensor alpha motor neurons

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26
Q

termination site of medullary reticulospinal tract

termination site of pontine reticulospinal tract

A

flexor and extensor interneurons

extensor interneurons

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27
Q

termination of vestibulospinal tract

A

extensor alpha motor neurons and interneurons

28
Q

what part of the brain inhibits rubrospinal tract, pontine reticulospinal tract, and excites the medullary reticulospinal tract?

A

cortex (areas 4, 6, 1, 2, 3)

29
Q

so if there is a stroke in the cortex, and it no longer inhibits pontine reticulospinal tract? what about it its not inhibiting rubrospinal tract?

A

toes would point

arms would be flexed

30
Q

if after a stroke, a patient’s arms and legs are extended, what has been eliminated?

A

the cortex inhibiting the pontine reticulospinal tract

31
Q

if after a stroke, a patient’s extremities are flaccid, what has been eliminated?

A

the cortex exciting the medullary reticulospinal tract

32
Q

what comprises the striatum?

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

33
Q

interneurons from striatum go on to control what 2 areas?

A

external and internal globus pallidus

substantia nigra

34
Q

main input to the striatum?

A

cortex (mostly glutamate)

35
Q

striatum also has inputs from..

A

central medial nucleus of thalamus, VA, VL

36
Q

VA, VL, CM controls tone of the

A

cerebellum

37
Q

substantia nigra has this massive projection into the striatum

A

dopamine

38
Q

only midline nucleus in the medulla, midbrain, pons; where does it project? is it inhibitory or excitatory?; what catecholamine does it carry?

A

raphe nuclei

cortex and spinal cord

mostly inhibitory

serotonin

39
Q

4 major inputs to the striatum

A

cortex

raphe nuclei

VA-VL-CM

internal/external GP + substantia nigra

40
Q

cortex inputs to the striatum, namely topographic and thalamic, release what NT?

A

glutamate

41
Q

what regulates output of the striatum?

A

subthalamic nucleus and external pallidum

42
Q

basal ganglia outputs from the internal pallidum and substantia nigra travel here by ascending,

and here by descending

A

thalamus

midbrain

43
Q

functions of the basal ganglia

A

prep for movement

organization of sequences of movements

learning of hierarchically organized movements

sensory and motor modulation

44
Q

functions of the cerebellum

A

unconscious control of movement

regulation of rapid (preprogrammed) movement

posture, muscle tone, equilibrium

45
Q

the floc-nod lobe part of the cerebellum

the anterior lobe of cerebellum

the posterior lobe of the cerebellum

A

archicerebellum

paleocerebellum

neocerebellum

46
Q

name the components of the path from spinal cerebellar tracts to the cerebellum?

A

spinl cord, mossy fibers, granule cells bifurcate and activate a row of Purkinje cells

47
Q

where do climbing fibers in the cerebellum arise from?

A

inferior olivary nucleus

48
Q

to inhibit the glomerulus, what has to be activated?

A

Golgi cell

49
Q

name the components of the path from spinal cerebellar tracts to the cerebellum?

A

spinal cord, through inf peduncle, mossy fibers, granule cells bifurcate and activate a row of Purkinje cells

50
Q

where do mossy fibers terminate?

A

on glomeruli, containing granule cell dendrites and Golgi cell axons

51
Q

what do granule cell axons split into? where do they synapse?

A

parallel fibers

synapse on Purkinje, Golgi, and basket cell dendrites

52
Q

where do climbing fibers synapse?

A

on Purkinje cell bodies

53
Q

where do Purkinje cell axons travel to?

A

intracerebellar nuclei and pons

54
Q

all inputs (mossy fibers, climbing fibers) at the cerebellum are excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

55
Q

all outputs (purkinje cell axons) of the cerebellum are excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory on intracerebellar nuclei and pons

56
Q

axons of intracerebellar nuclei are excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

57
Q

easiest way to temporarily damage the cerebellar cortex

A

alcohol- acts on granule cells in cortex

58
Q

biggest input to cerebellum

A

pontine nuclei (not spinal cord)

59
Q

biggest output of the cerebellum

A

SCP-Dentato-rubro-thalamic

60
Q

describe the path of the SCP-dentate-rubro-thalamic tract; what does it generate?

A

dentate, red nucleus descends, crosses immediately, terminates on rubrospinal tract to generate flexion

61
Q

what role does the thalamus lay in cerebellar output?

A

thalamus deciphers what cerebellum says is happening, puts it together with what basal ganglia has decided, and then cortex and lat corticospinal tract carry out the next move

62
Q

how is basic rhythmic pattern generated in the spinal cord?

A

by central pattern generators

63
Q

what tract informs cerebellum about actual muscle activity?

what tract informs cerebellum about intended pattern?

A

dorsal spinocerebellar tract

ventral spinocerebellar tract

64
Q

what causes intention tremor?

A

damage to the hemisphere of the cerebellum or the dentate in particular

65
Q

damage to the caudate nucleus causes

A

chorea (jerky involuntary movements associated with Huntington’s)

66
Q

decorticate rigidity vs decerebrate ridigity

A

decorticate: flaccidity that quickly becomes spastic- flexion of arms, extension of legs
decerebrate: marked extension of arms and legs, Babinski, hyperreflexia

B&B 3 (25 decks)

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