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B&B 3 > CNS Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

CNS Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

glutamate: inhibitory or exitatory?

GABA: inhibitory or excitatory?

enzyme that converts glutamate to GABA

A

glutamate- excitatory

GABA- inhibitory

glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

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2
Q

neuropeptide that functions as pain perception

A

substance P

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3
Q

EPSP vs IPSP; which one is hyperpolarizing? which is depolarizing?

A

EPSP- excitatory postsynaptic potential (glutamate); depolarizing

IPSP- inhibitory post synaptic potential (GABA); hyperpolarizing

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4
Q

are EPSPs or IPSPs fast or slow?

A

both can be fast or slow

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5
Q

acetylcholinergic receptors- nicotinic vs muscarinic: where are each found? are IPSPs/EPSPs slow or fast?

A

nicotinic: in PNS on NM junction; fast EPSP
muscarinic: in CNS in brain & autonomy. ganglia; fast IPSP, slow EPSP

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6
Q

location of glutamate neurons and the locations of their terminals

A

cns interneurons- local and long tract connections

primary sensory neurons- second-order neurons in CNS

pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex- basal ganglia, thalamus, spinal cord, other cortical areas

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7
Q

location of GABA neurons and their terminals

A

CNS interneurons- local connections

cerebellar cortex (purkinje cells)- deep cerebellar nuclei

caudate nucleus, putamen- globus pallidus, substantia nigra

globus pallidus, substantia nigra- thalamus, subthalamic nuclei

thalamic reticular nucleus- other thalamic nuclei

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8
Q

believed to be the source of learning

A

glutamate NMDA receptor

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9
Q

the NMDA receptors requires these 2 things

A

glutamate/NMDA
AND
depolarization (voltage-gated)

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10
Q

the depolarization of the Glutamate NMDA receptor frees…

A

Mg2+ that blocks the channel at rest, allowing influx of Ca2+, which augments transmission at the synapse

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11
Q

regulation of the strength of connection between two synapses

A

synaptic plasticity

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12
Q

describe pathology and causes of glutamate toxicity

A

excessive Ca2+ intake triggers neuronal injury/death; stems from excessive glutamate release, or poor glutamate reuptake; stroke anoxia can release toxic amts of glutamate

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13
Q

GABA hyperpolarizes the cell by influx od

A

Cl-

GABAa- ligand gated

GABAb- GPCR

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14
Q

benzos and barbituates bind to these receptors

GHB, alcohol, baclofen bind to these types of receptors

A

GABAa

GABAb

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15
Q

disease models of GABA excess or inhibition

A

huntingtons- destruction of GABA nerons

tetanus and strychnine- inhibit presynaptic GABA release

stiff-person syndrome- antibodies to GAD prevent GABA production, causing autoimmune or paraneoplastic syndrome

excess- seizures

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16
Q

treat seizures (too much glutamate) with more GABA via these drugs..

A

benzos- increase GABA efficiency

valproate- inhibit GABA-deactivating enzymes

topiramate- inhibit GABA reuptake

side effects: sedation, cognitive slowing

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17
Q

non-therapeutic GABA

A

anxiolysis, hypnosis, amnesia; date rate drugs (GHB, benzos)

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18
Q

nuclei of origin of dopamine

A

substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, hypothalamus

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19
Q

nigrostriatal tract function of dopamine

A

fluid, smooth muscle action

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20
Q

mesolimbic tract function of dopamine

A

fear and reward responses

21
Q

mesocortical tract function of dopamine

A

motivation and response

22
Q

tubero-infundibular tract function of dopamine

A

secretion of hormones, notably prolactin

23
Q

pathology of Parkinson’s disease

A

death of PARS COMPACTA within the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

24
Q

drugs that block dopamine reuptake, and cause exocytosis of dopamine, leading to excess dopamine

A

cocaine, methamphetamine- can cause paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thoughts

25
why give L-DOPA to Parkinson's patients?
increases dopamine by skipping the rate-limiting step (tyrosine hydroxylase)
26
drugs for depression and ADHD
buproprion/methylphenidate to prevent dopamine reuptake
27
many psychotics operate via..
D2 receptor antagonism- blocking the inhibition of adenylate cyclase, so cAMP is formed and PKA activated
28
nuclei of origin of serotonin; serotonin tracts
raphe nucleus (pons/midbrain) brain: cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus; spinal column, PNS
29
receptor subtypes for serotonin
5HT-1 and 2: mood, appetite, energy, sexual function 5HT-3: localized in area postrema/nausea
30
therapeutics for major depressive disorder
SSRIs, TCA and MAOIs
31
DOC for anxiety disorders
benzos
32
drug for nausea; its mechanism of action
ondansentron - 5HT-3 receptor antagonist
33
serotonin toxicity induced by excessive serotonin causes these symptoms
headache, delirium autonomic: hyperthermia, hypertension somatic: tremor, hyperreflexia, clonus
34
drugs and compounds that can be abused and cause serotonin syndrome
LSD, MDMA tyramine "cheese effect": MAOs decrease, tyramine increases, hypertension ensues
35
nuclei of origin of norepinephrine; tracts
locus ceruleus broad projections throughout frontal cortex, limbic, spinal
36
norepinephrine receptors function to induce sympathetics or parasympathetics?
sympathetics
37
panic attacks may be caused by deficiency in
norepinephrine reuptake
38
antidepressants increase the availability of
norepinephrine
39
a selective norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor drug
buproprion (wellbutrin)
40
selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor drugs
venlafaxine (Effexor) duloxetine (Cymbalta)
41
acetylcholine nuclei of origin
nucleus basalis of Mynert pedunculopontine nucleus
42
acetylcholine tracts
pedunculopontine projects to thalamus, basal ganglia nucleus basalis of mynert (NBM) projects to cortex
43
NMB/acetylcholine is associated with
memory, learning, deficits with Alzheimer's, LIMBIC SYSTEM, HOMEOSTASIS
44
effect of acetylcholine in CNS and PNS
PNS: parasympathetic stimulation CNS: inhibitory OR excitatory
45
acetylcholine toxicity symptoms, and what causes them
SLUDGE-M (pupil constriction) organophosphates, sarin gas
46
disease involving degeneration of ACh-producing neurons at nicotinic receptors
Alzheimer's
47
anti-muscarinic toxicity symptoms and causes
hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, mad as a hatter anti-nausea meds, anti-depressants, anti-psychotics, antihistamines, atropine
48
stiff person syndrome associated with this transmitter
GABA

B&B 3 (25 decks)

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