Diencephalon

Question 1

components of the epithalamus

Answer 1

habenula, epiphysis - choroid plexus (pineal gland)

Question 2

tracts of the thalamus

Answer 2

mammillothalamic tract

habenulointerpeduncular tract

Question 3

the habenular nuclei functions in..

Answer 3

limbic system, reward processing

Question 4

describe the path of afferent info to the habenular nucleus

Answer 4

septal + preoptic areas go through the stria medullaris thalami to the habenular nucleus

Question 5

describe the path of efferent info from the habenular nucleus

Answer 5

habenular nucleus, through habenulointerpeduncular tract to the interpeduncular nucleus, which is near CN III

Question 6

clinical relevance of habenular nuclei

Answer 6

stimulating the lateral habenula may be hopeful treatment for depression not alleviated by medication

Question 7

in the dark, the pineal gland (epiphysis) is turned

Answer 7

ON; melatonin in the blood

Question 8

in the light, the pineal gland is turned.. (show path)

Answer 8

OFF; retina, pretectum, hypothalamus, spinal cord, superior cervical ganglia*, pineal gland OFF

Question 9

melatonin/when the pineal gland is on, has this effect on sex hormones

Answer 9

antigonadotropic, so they are not released

Question 10

melatonin/pineal gland is on, has this effect on the sleep/wake cycle

Answer 10

feel rested

Question 11

increased melatonin from a pinealocyte tumor has this effect on gonadotropin

Answer 11

hypogonadism

Question 12

decreased melatonin from a non-pinealocyte tumor has this effect on gonadotropin

Answer 12

precocious puberty

Question 13

2 types of firing of thalamic neurons; name the activity of the calcium channels in each

Answer 13

tonic firing- voltage gated Ca2+ channels inactive

burst firing- Ca2+ channels active

Question 14

this type of firing sends detailed info, focusing.

Answer 14

tonic firing

Question 15

this type of firing sends no detailed info, just makes you aware of the event, and does sleep also

Answer 15

burst firing

Question 16

difference between parallel and serial processing

Answer 16

parallel processing happens simultaneously

serial processing happens one after the other, not simultaneous

Question 17

example of serial processing

Answer 17

LGN sending info to area 17, then to 18 and 19 to determine what is being looked at by the eye

Question 18

the regulatory scheme of thalamic connections

Answer 18

cortex and reticular formation regulate thalamic output (ex: VPL from DCML)

Question 19

the specific scheme of projections of thalamic connections

Answer 19

thalamo-cortical (except reticular nuc of thalamus)

and

cortico-thalamo (cortex to thalamic nuclei)

Question 20

fibers from the thalamus to the cortex (thalamo-cortical)

Answer 20

posterior limb, genu, anterior limn

Question 21

types of relay nuclei and their destinations

Answer 21

external- VPL, VPM, LG, MG (sensory)

internal- VA, VL (motor); A (limbic)

Question 22

association nuclei and their destination

Answer 22

DM (behavior)

Question 23

diffuse nuclei destination

Answer 23

CM (motor, basal ganglia)

Question 24

eff and affs for VPL (external relay nuclei)

Answer 24

in from DCML and spinothalamics, out to somatosensory cortex (body)

Question 25

eff and affs fro VPM (external relay nuclei)

Answer 25

in from trigeminothalamics, CTT (taste), out to somatosensory cortex (face), insula (taste)

Question 26

eff and affs for LG (external relay nuclei)

Answer 26

in from retina via optic tract, out to calcarine cortex via geniculocalcarine tract

Question 27

eff and affs for MG (external relay nuclei)

Answer 27

in from inferior colliculus via brachium, out to auditory cortex via aud radiations

Question 28

eff and affs for anterior nucleus - limbic system (internal relay nuclei)

Answer 28

in from mammillary bodies via mammillothalamic tract, out to cingulate gyrus

Question 29

eff and affs for VA (internal relay nuclei)

Answer 29

in from basal ganglia, out to motor (4) and premotor cortex (6)

Question 30

eff and affs for VL (internal relay nuclei)

Answer 30

input from basal ganglia and cerebellum, out to motor (4) and premotor cortex (6)

Question 31

which part of the thalamus is the limbic system located in?

Answer 31

anterior nucleus

Question 32

anterior nucleus connections (limbic system)

Answer 32

mammillary body (sensory), anterior nucleus of the thalamus, to cingulate gyrus

Question 33

eff and affs for CM (diffuse nuclei)

Answer 33

in from reticular formation and basal ganglia, out to cortex (4 and 6)

Question 34

dorsomedial thalamus affects..

Answer 34

emotion, foresight

Question 35

eff and affs for DM (association nuclei)

Answer 35

in from prefrontal cortex and limbic system out to prefrontal cortex

Question 36

blood supply of thalamus

Answer 36

branches of posterior cerebral artery-- thalamogeniculate artery, thalamoperforating artery (both branch off circle of willis)

Question 37

what causes thalamic syndrome? what are the symptoms? when do they appear?

Answer 37

lacunar stroke in posterior thalamus contralateral hemianesthesia/hemiparesis thalamic pain develops weeks later (touch or emotion causes unrelenting pain)

Question 38

other names/treatment for thalamic syndrome

Answer 38

dejerine-roussy syndrome, central pain syndrome pain meds with anti-seizure meds