Motivation, Emotion and Stress

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

driving force behind our actions

Question 2

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 2

motivation that comes from outside- like wanting to get a reward, avoid punishment

Question 3

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 3

internal forces drive this. like interest in task or pure enjoyment

Question 4

Instinct theory of motivation

Answer 4

people are driven to do certain behaviours based on evolutionary programmed interests

Question 5

Arousal theory

Answer 5

you do things to maintain a certain level of arousal state
Yerkes Dodson Law: best work is done at medium level arousal. either every high or very low levels of arousal lead to poor performance

Question 6

Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 6

motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives which create uncomfortable internal states
primary drive- related to body needs like hunger
secondary drive- accomplishments and emotions

Question 7

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 7

highest priority is physiological needs, safety and security, then love and belonging and then self esteem and self actualization (lowest priority)

Question 8

self determination theory

Answer 8

emphasizes role of three universal needs: autonomy (control of own actions), competence (being good at something) and relatedness (being loved by others)

Question 9

Incentive theory

Answer 9

explains motivations as a desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Question 10

expectancy value theory

Answer 10

states that the amount of motivation for a task is based on the person’s expectations of success and the amount that the success is valued

Question 11

Opponent process theory

Answer 11

explains motivation for drug use, as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

Question 12

components of emotion

Answer 12

1. cognitive (subjective)
2. Behavioural (facial expressions and body language)
3. Physiological (changes in autonomic nervous system)

Question 13

Universal Emotions

Answer 13

happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, contempt and surprise

Question 14

James-Lange theory

Answer 14

nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled (see lion –> heart rate increases –> fear)

Question 15

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 15

nervous system arousal and cognitive repose happen at the same time and that leads to response (see lion –> HR increases AND fear at the same time)

Question 16

Schachter- Singer Theory

Answer 16

nervous system arousal and interpretation of context lead to cognitive response (see lion –> HR increases –> brains says that’s scary –> fear response)

Question 17

Limbic system

Answer 17

primary nervous system component involved in emotion

Question 18

amygdala

Answer 18

attention and fear, interprets facial expression

Question 19

thalamus

Answer 19

relay centre for sense info

Question 20

hypothalamus

Answer 20

releases NT to affect mood and arousal

Question 21

hippocampus

Answer 21

long term episodic memory

Question 22

prefrontal cortex

Answer 22

planning, expressing and making decisions.
Ventral prefrontal cortex: critical for experiencing emotion
ventromedial prefrontal cortex: controlling emotional responses from amygdala and decision making

Question 23

Stress Appraisal Stages

Answer 23

Primary: deciding if something is going to be stressful or not
Secondary: after deciding if something is stressful can you cope with it

Question 24

General Adaptation Syndrome (physiological response to stress)

Answer 24

1. alarm: initial reaction to stress and activation of sympathetic nervous system
2. resistance: NT release allows engagement to stress
3. exhaustion: body can no longer maintain an elevated response

Question 25

what emotions are associated with what part of the prefrontal cortex

Answer 25

left frontal lobe: positive feelings- joy and happiness
right frontal lobe: negative feelings- sadness and disgust