Learning and Memory

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

process of getting used to stimulus

Question 2

dishabituation

Answer 2

occurs when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a desensitization to the original stimulus

Question 3

Associative learning

Answer 3

pairing together response and stimuli or behaviour and consequences

Question 4

classical conditioning

Answer 4

unconditioned stimulus produces instinctive, unconditioned response. this is paired with neutral stimuli which eventual becomes the conditioned stimulus producing conditioned response.
meat (UC) to dog= salivating (UR)
bell (neutral stimuli) start ringing it before giving dog meat it becomes CS and then salivating in response to the bell becomes CR

Question 5

Operant Conditioning

Answer 5

behaviour is changed through consequences

Add Stimulus 	Remove Stimulus  Continue Behaviour	+ R	-R Stop Behaviour 	+ P	- P

Question 6

Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 6

Fixed Ratio- rewarding after a set number of right behaviours
Variable Ratio (best one)- rewarding after random number of right behaviours
Fixed Interval- rewarding after set time period ie after every 60s
Variable Interval- rewarding after random time period

Question 7

Observational Learning

Answer 7

learning a behaviour by watching others (bandora’s bobo doll experiment)

Question 8

Encoding

Answer 8

process of putting new info into memory.
can be automatic or effortful (like studying for MCAT).
Semantic encoding (meaningful context) is stronger than acoustic and visual

Question 8

Encoding

Answer 8

process of putting new info into memory.
can be automatic or effortful (like studying for MCAT).
Semantic encoding (meaningful context) is stronger than acoustic and visual

Question 9

Human Memory

Answer 9

Sensory/short term memory- transient and based on NT activity.
Working memory- requires short term and executive function to manipulate info
Long term memory

Question 10

ways to memorize

Answer 10

maintenance rehearsal- repeating same info to eventually make it to long term
Mnemonics- acronyms
method of loci- associating items on list with location
peg word- associating words with numbers that rhyme them
chunking- putting things with related meaning together

Question 11

Long term memory

Answer 11

requires elaborative rehearsal and is a result of increased neuronal activity
has explicit (stores events- episodic and facts- semantic)and implicit (stores skills)

Question 12

Types of retrieval

Answer 12

recognition: identifying a piece of info that was learned
relearning
retrieval is based on using the semantic network ie- associate red with many different things like roses, fire truck and then fire truck is associated with other vehicles etc

Question 13

Ways to lose memory

Answer 13

-Alzheimer’s
- Korsakoff’s
- agnosia
- decay
- interference ( retroactive- new info causes us to forget old info) or (proactive- old info interfering with new info)

Question 14

long term potentiation

Answer 14

strengthening neuronal connections of brain areas that are used the most

Question 15

avoidance learning

Answer 15

type of negative reinforcement in which a behaviour is increased to prevent an unpleasant future consequence

Question 16

generalization

Answer 16

the process by which similar stimuli can produce the conditioned response

Question 17

Taste Aversion

Answer 17

Type of classical conditioning. occurs when organism feels sick after eating or drinking something

Question 18

Serial Position affect

Answer 18

being able to remember only the first part of and the last part of a list and forgetting the middle

Question 19

False Memory

Answer 19

recalled with great confidence but is inaccurate