Identity and Personality

Question 1

self discrepancy theory

Answer 1

maintains that each of us has three selves
1- actual self: made up by self concept
2- ideal self: person we would like to be
3- ought self: our representation of the way others think we should be
the closer the three are the higher self esteem is

Question 2

self efficacy

Answer 2

belief in our ability to succeed

Question 3

self concept

Answer 3

sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves

Question 4

self identity

Answer 4

individual components of our self concept related to the group with which we belong to

Question 5

self esteem

Answer 5

evaluation of ourselves.

Question 6

Learned helplessness

Answer 6

giving up because you were faced with negative results too many times

Question 7

internal locus of control

Answer 7

I have full control over my actions and their outcomes

Question 8

external locus of control

Answer 8

outside factors influence my actions and their outcomes

Question 9

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of development

Answer 9

oral (0-1)
anal (1-3)
phallic (3-5)
latent (6-puberty)
genital (puberty onwards)
- based on libido

Question 10

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

Answer 10

• based on conflicts
  trust vs mistrust (0-1)
  autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3)
  initiative vs guilt (3-6)
  Industry vs inferiority (6-12)
  Identity vs role confusion (12-20)
  intimacy vs isolation (20-40)
  generativity vs stagnation (40-65)
  integrity vs despair (65- death)

Question 11

Kohlberg stages of moral development

Answer 11

-based on solving moral dilemmas
Preconventional (pre adolescence): based on avoiding punishment and getting rewards
Conventional (adolescence to adulthood): based on conformity and law and order
Postconventional (adulthood): based on social contract and universal ethical principle

Question 12

Zone of proximal development

Answer 12

described by vygotsky, it describes what a child is capable of doing with help but can’t do it alone yet

Question 13

reference group

Answer 13

group with which we compare ourselves to

Question 14

Freud’s personality theory (psychoanalytic)

Answer 14

id- most primitive part that wants to satisfy all basic needs
superego- idealist and perfectiont
ego- mediated between id and ego and the conscious mind. uses defence mechanisms to reduce stress caused by the id and superego

Question 15

Carl Jung’s personality theory (psychoanalytic)

Answer 15

assumed a collective unconscious that links all humans together. personality influenced by archetypes

Question 16

Humanistic perspective of personality

Answer 16

emphasis the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they drive towards happiness and self realization. includes Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and roger’s therapeutic approach of unconditional positive regard flow

Question 17

Type and trait theories

Answer 17

personality can be described by a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviour
- greek humous, somatotypes, Myers briggs type inventory

Question 18

PEN

Answer 18

P- psychoticism: non conformity
E- extraversion: tolerance for social interaction and stimulation
N- neuroticism: arousal in stressful situations

Question 19

OCEAN

Answer 19

openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism

Question 20

Allport (Trait theory)

Answer 20

3 basic categories of all traits
1. cardinal- around which personal organizes their life
2. central- major characteristic of personality
3. secondary- preferences and attitudes

Question 21

Social Cognitive Perspective on personality

Answer 21

individuals interact with their environment in a cycle called reciprocal determinism. people mold environments according to their personalities and then the environment shapes our thoughts and feelings

Question 22

behaviourist perspective on personality

Answer 22

based on operant conditioning, personality is learnt from prior punishments and rewards

Question 23

biological perspective on personality

Answer 23

says that behaviour can be explained as a result of genetic expression