Identity and Personality Flashcards
self discrepancy theory
maintains that each of us has three selves
1- actual self: made up by self concept
2- ideal self: person we would like to be
3- ought self: our representation of the way others think we should be
the closer the three are the higher self esteem is
self efficacy
belief in our ability to succeed
self concept
sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves
self identity
individual components of our self concept related to the group with which we belong to
self esteem
evaluation of ourselves.
Learned helplessness
giving up because you were faced with negative results too many times
internal locus of control
I have full control over my actions and their outcomes
external locus of control
outside factors influence my actions and their outcomes
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of development
oral (0-1)
anal (1-3)
phallic (3-5)
latent (6-puberty)
genital (puberty onwards)
- based on libido
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
- based on conflicts
trust vs mistrust (0-1)
autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3)
initiative vs guilt (3-6)
Industry vs inferiority (6-12)
Identity vs role confusion (12-20)
intimacy vs isolation (20-40)
generativity vs stagnation (40-65)
integrity vs despair (65- death)
Kohlberg stages of moral development
-based on solving moral dilemmas
Preconventional (pre adolescence): based on avoiding punishment and getting rewards
Conventional (adolescence to adulthood): based on conformity and law and order
Postconventional (adulthood): based on social contract and universal ethical principle
Zone of proximal development
described by vygotsky, it describes what a child is capable of doing with help but can’t do it alone yet
reference group
group with which we compare ourselves to
Freud’s personality theory (psychoanalytic)
id- most primitive part that wants to satisfy all basic needs
superego- idealist and perfectiont
ego- mediated between id and ego and the conscious mind. uses defence mechanisms to reduce stress caused by the id and superego
Carl Jung’s personality theory (psychoanalytic)
assumed a collective unconscious that links all humans together. personality influenced by archetypes
Humanistic perspective of personality
emphasis the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they drive towards happiness and self realization. includes Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and roger’s therapeutic approach of unconditional positive regard flow
Type and trait theories
personality can be described by a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviour
- greek humous, somatotypes, Myers briggs type inventory
PEN
P- psychoticism: non conformity
E- extraversion: tolerance for social interaction and stimulation
N- neuroticism: arousal in stressful situations
OCEAN
openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
Allport (Trait theory)
3 basic categories of all traits
1. cardinal- around which personal organizes their life
2. central- major characteristic of personality
3. secondary- preferences and attitudes
Social Cognitive Perspective on personality
individuals interact with their environment in a cycle called reciprocal determinism. people mold environments according to their personalities and then the environment shapes our thoughts and feelings
behaviourist perspective on personality
based on operant conditioning, personality is learnt from prior punishments and rewards
biological perspective on personality
says that behaviour can be explained as a result of genetic expression
