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Psych + Soc MCAT > Cognition, Consciousness and Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

how brains process and react to all the info presented everyday

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2
Q

Dual Coding Theory

A

both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information

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3
Q

Schema

A

can include a concept (what is a dog), a behaviour or sequence of events

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4
Q

Adaptation

A

a way to process new information. divided into assimilation (classifying new info into existing schema) and accommodation (existing schema is modified to encompass new Information

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5
Q

Piaget 4 stages of development

A
  1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
  2. Preoperational (2-7)
  3. Concrete Operational (7-11)
  4. Formal Operational (12+)
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6
Q

Sensorimotor

A

child can manipulate environment to meet physical needs.
- primary circular reactions- repeating behaviour that child finds soothing like thumb sucking
- secondary circular reactions- manipulation focused on something outside body, like throwing toy on floor and parent picking it up

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7
Q

Object Permanence

A

-understanding that objects continue to exist even if you can’t see them
- milestone that ends sensorimotor stage

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8
Q

Preoperational

A
  • symbolic thinking (ability to pretend, play make believe and have an imagination)
  • Egocentrism- can’t understand what another person can think or feel
  • centration- tendency to focus on only one aspect of phenomenon or inability to understand conservation
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9
Q

Concrete Operational

A

logical thinking and can understand conservation

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10
Q

Formal Operational

A

Abstract thinking

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11
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

problem solving skills

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12
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

use of learned skill and knowledge

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13
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

inability to consider other ways to use something other than the traditional method

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14
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

type of problem solving
start with general rules and then draw conclusions

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15
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

starts with evidence and then make generalizations (like Sherlock Holmes)

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16
Q

Heuristics

A

shortcuts used to make decisions
called rule of thumb

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17
Q

Availability heuristic

A

mental shortcut that relies on first thing that comes to mind when thinking of something

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18
Q

representative heuristic

A

used to make decisions based on whether something fits typical image.

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19
Q

Belief Preserverence

A

still believing in something even after there’s evidence against it

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20
Q

Consciousness

A

level of awareness of both the world and one’s own existence within the world

21
Q

States of consciousness

A

alertness
sleep
dreaming
altered state of consciousness due to drugs or sickness

22
Q

Alertness

A

awake and able to think. use our prefrontal cortex that is kept alert by reticular formation
- beta and alpha waves

23
Q

Stages of Sleep

A

Stage 1: light sleep with theta waves
Stage 2: slightly deeper with theta waves, sleep spindles and K complexes
Stage 3 and 4 (NREM): deep sleep (slow wave sleep) with delta waves
- most sleep disorders occur here and 25% dreaming
REM: mind looks awake but person is actually sleeping. dreaming occurs at this stage

24
Q

information processing model

A

the brain encodes, stores and retrieves information like a computer

25
Q

mental set

A

pattern of approach for a given problem.

26
Q

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A

7 areas of intelligence
1. linguistic
2. logical- mathematical
3. musical
4. visual- spatial
5. bodily- kinaesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal

27
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

24 hour cycle
pineal gland releases melatonin in response to changing light in the evening and cortisol is released in the morning to wake you up

28
Q

Sleep Disorders

A

dyssomnias- insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea and sleep deprivation
Parasomnia- night terrors and sleep walking

29
Q

Depressants

A
  • alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepines
  • promote GABA (inhibits NT) activity
30
Q

Stimulants

A
  • amphetamines, cocaine and ecstasy
  • increase dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
31
Q

Hallucinogens

A
  • LSD, mescaline, peyote, ketamine psilocybin
32
Q

Marijuana

A

depressant, stimulant and hallucinogen. active ingredient is THC

33
Q

Mesolimbic Pathway

A

mediates drug addiction.
- includes the nucleus accumbent, ventral tegmental area and medial forebrain bundle
- dopamine is the main NT

34
Q

Selective Attention

A

paying attention to one stimulus while determining if need to pay attention to another stimulus from background
- cocktail party phenomenon

35
Q

divided attention

A

uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple things at the same time

36
Q

Phonology

A

actual sound of speech

37
Q

morphology

A

building blocks of words. like plural rules

38
Q

semantics

A

meaning of the word

39
Q

syntax

A

rules dictating the word order

40
Q

pragmatics

A

changes in language delivery depending on context

41
Q

Nativist (biological) theory

A

language acquisition is innate and controlled by LAD

42
Q

Learning (behaviourist) theory

A

learn language by operant conditioning and reinforcements by parents

43
Q

Social interactionist theory

A

learn language because you are motivated to talk to others

44
Q

Whorfian (linguistic relativity) hypothesis

A

lens through which we look and understand the world is created by language

45
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

can understand speech but can’t come up with the words (feels like they are on the tip of the tongue)

46
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

cannot comprehend language but can speak nonsensical words

47
Q

IQ

A

mental age/chronological age *100

48
Q

base rate fallacy

A

occurs when stereotypical factors are used for analysis rather than actual data

49
Q

Timeline of Language Acquisition

A

9-12 months: babbling
12-18 months: one word per month
18-20 months: “explosion of language” and combining words
2-3 years: longer sentences (3 words or more)
5 years: language rules mastered

Psych + Soc MCAT (12 decks)

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