Biology and Behaviour

Question 1

Franz Gall

Answer 1

behaviour, intellect linked to brain anatomy. phrenology: well developed trait= larger brain size for part being used

Question 2

Pierre Flourens

Answer 2

removed parts of rabbit and pigeon brain and showed alterations in their behavior

Question 3

William James

Answer 3

father of American psych. how mental processed help adapt to environment
(functionalism)

Question 4

John Dewey

Answer 4

psych should study organism as a whole. criticized reflex arc

Question 5

Paul Broca

Answer 5

specific impairments such as speech could be linked to specific areas of the brain that are damaged

Question 6

Hermann Von Helmholtz

Answer 6

first to measure the speed of nerve impulse

Question 7

Sir Charles Sherrington

Answer 7

inferred the existence of synapses

Question 8

Types of Nerve cells

Answer 8

Sensory (Afferent): sensory info from environment to spine and brain
Motor (efferent): motor info from brain and spine to muscle
Interneurons: linked to reflective behaviour. in spine and and brain

Question 9

Nervous System Divisions

Answer 9

NS divided to CNS (Brain and spine) and PNS (Somatic and Autonomic). Autonomic is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 10

Layers of the Meninges

Answer 10

Meninges cover the brain and protect it.
Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

Question 11

divisions of human brain

Answer 11

Hindbrain: primitive part, controls breathing and alertness
Midbrain: sensorimotor reflexes
Forebrain: developed later, more complex controls limbic system.

Question 12

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

Answer 12

manages vital functions necessary for survival. Rhombo comes from myelencephalon (becomes the medulla) and metencephalon (becomes pons and cerebellum-balance and coordination)

Question 13

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Answer 13

superior colliculus- visual sensory input
inferior colliculus- auditory sensory input

Question 14

Forebrain (Prosencephalon)

Answer 14

greatest influence on human behaviour. divides to form the telencephalon
and diencephalon. includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system and cerebral cortex

Question 15

methods of studying brain

Answer 15

EEG and regional cerebral blood flow

Question 16

Thalamus

Answer 16

Relay centre for sensory info

Question 17

Hypothalamus

Answer 17

maintains homeostasis and influences endocrine system through hypophyseal portal system that connects to the ant. pituitary

Question 18

Basal Ganglia

Answer 18

smoothens movements and maintains posture

Question 19

Limbic System

Answer 19

consists of :
Septal Nuclei- feelings of pleasure and addiction
Amygdala- fear and aggression
hippocampus- memooies and talks to other parts of the limbic system via fornix

Question 20

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 20

Frontal- executive function, impulse control, speech production, long term planning
Parietal- touch, temperature and proprioception
Occipital- visual processing
Temporal- sound processing

Question 21

Acetylcholine

Answer 21

used by somatic NS to move muscles
Parasympathetic and CNS for alertness

Question 22

Dopamine

Answer 22

maintains smooth movements and steady posture

Question 23

Endorphins and Enkephalins

Answer 23

natural painkillers

Question 24

Epinephrine (hormone) and norepinephrine (NT)

Answer 24

maintains alertness, fight of flights
released by adrenal medulla

Question 25

GABA and Glycine

Answer 25

brain stabilizers- inhibitory NTss

Question 26

Glutamate

Answer 26

excitatory NT in the brain

Question 27

Serotonin

Answer 27

mood, sleep, sleep patterns and eating and dreaming

Question 28

Cortisol

Answer 28

Stress hormone released by adrenal cortex

Question 29

Testosterone(from testes) and Estrogen (ovaries)

Answer 29

mediate libido released from the adrenal cortex. more T more aggression

Question 30

Nature vs Nurture

Answer 30

contributions of environment and genetic material to an individual's traits. both play a role

Question 31

Family Studies

Answer 31

look at trait frequency in a family compared to the population

Question 32

Twin Studies

Answer 32

comparing concordance rates between twins

Question 33

Adoption Studies

Answer 33

how similar is adopted child to adopted parens vs to biological parent (ie IQ more similar to bio parents)

Question 34

NS development

Answer 34

develops through neuralation where the notochord tells the overlying ectoderm to become neural tube (becomes the CNS) with neural crest cells (become tissue all over body)

Question 35

Primitive reflexes

Answer 35

exist in infants and disappear with age. may have served a protective role

Question 36

Rooting reflex

Answer 36

baby turns its head towards anything touching its cheek

Question 37

Moro reflex

Answer 37

baby extends arms and then slowly retracts and starts crying in response to sensation of falling

Question 38

Babinski reflex

Answer 38

touch sole of baby foot- big toe is extended and other toes fan

Question 39

grasping reflex

Answer 39

baby grabs anything that you put in its hand

Question 40

Gross and fine motor skill development

Answer 40

head to toe, core to periphery

Question 41

reliability

Answer 41

getting consistent results when using the same test

Question 42

validity

Answer 42

extent to which the test is measuring what its supposed to be measuring