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Psych + Soc MCAT > Biology and Behaviour > Flashcards

Biology and Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Franz Gall

A

behaviour, intellect linked to brain anatomy. phrenology: well developed trait= larger brain size for part being used

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2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

removed parts of rabbit and pigeon brain and showed alterations in their behavior

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3
Q

William James

A

father of American psych. how mental processed help adapt to environment
(functionalism)

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4
Q

John Dewey

A

psych should study organism as a whole. criticized reflex arc

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5
Q

Paul Broca

A

specific impairments such as speech could be linked to specific areas of the brain that are damaged

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6
Q

Hermann Von Helmholtz

A

first to measure the speed of nerve impulse

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7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

inferred the existence of synapses

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8
Q

Types of Nerve cells

A

Sensory (Afferent): sensory info from environment to spine and brain
Motor (efferent): motor info from brain and spine to muscle
Interneurons: linked to reflective behaviour. in spine and and brain

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9
Q

Nervous System Divisions

A

NS divided to CNS (Brain and spine) and PNS (Somatic and Autonomic). Autonomic is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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10
Q

Layers of the Meninges

A

Meninges cover the brain and protect it.
Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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11
Q

divisions of human brain

A

Hindbrain: primitive part, controls breathing and alertness
Midbrain: sensorimotor reflexes
Forebrain: developed later, more complex controls limbic system.

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12
Q

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

A

manages vital functions necessary for survival. Rhombo comes from myelencephalon (becomes the medulla) and metencephalon (becomes pons and cerebellum-balance and coordination)

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13
Q

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

A

superior colliculus- visual sensory input
inferior colliculus- auditory sensory input

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14
Q

Forebrain (Prosencephalon)

A

greatest influence on human behaviour. divides to form the telencephalon
and diencephalon. includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system and cerebral cortex

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15
Q

methods of studying brain

A

EEG and regional cerebral blood flow

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16
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay centre for sensory info

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis and influences endocrine system through hypophyseal portal system that connects to the ant. pituitary

18
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

smoothens movements and maintains posture

19
Q

Limbic System

A

consists of :
Septal Nuclei- feelings of pleasure and addiction
Amygdala- fear and aggression
hippocampus- memooies and talks to other parts of the limbic system via fornix

20
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Frontal- executive function, impulse control, speech production, long term planning
Parietal- touch, temperature and proprioception
Occipital- visual processing
Temporal- sound processing

21
Q

Acetylcholine

A

used by somatic NS to move muscles
Parasympathetic and CNS for alertness

22
Q

Dopamine

A

maintains smooth movements and steady posture

23
Q

Endorphins and Enkephalins

A

natural painkillers

24
Q

Epinephrine (hormone) and norepinephrine (NT)

A

maintains alertness, fight of flights
released by adrenal medulla

25
Q

GABA and Glycine

A

brain stabilizers- inhibitory NTss

26
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory NT in the brain

27
Q

Serotonin

A

mood, sleep, sleep patterns and eating and dreaming

28
Q

Cortisol

A

Stress hormone released by adrenal cortex

29
Q

Testosterone(from testes) and Estrogen (ovaries)

A

mediate libido released from the adrenal cortex.
more T more aggression

30
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

contributions of environment and genetic material to an individual’s traits. both play a role

31
Q

Family Studies

A

look at trait frequency in a family compared to the population

32
Q

Twin Studies

A

comparing concordance rates between twins

33
Q

Adoption Studies

A

how similar is adopted child to adopted parens vs to biological parent (ie IQ more similar to bio parents)

34
Q

NS development

A

develops through neuralation where the notochord tells the overlying ectoderm to become neural tube (becomes the CNS) with neural crest cells (become tissue all over body)

35
Q

Primitive reflexes

A

exist in infants and disappear with age. may have served a protective role

36
Q

Rooting reflex

A

baby turns its head towards anything touching its cheek

37
Q

Moro reflex

A

baby extends arms and then slowly retracts and starts crying in response to sensation of falling

38
Q

Babinski reflex

A

touch sole of baby foot- big toe is extended and other toes fan

39
Q

grasping reflex

A

baby grabs anything that you put in its hand

40
Q

Gross and fine motor skill development

A

head to toe, core to periphery

41
Q

reliability

A

getting consistent results when using the same test

42
Q

validity

A

extent to which the test is measuring what its supposed to be measuring

Psych + Soc MCAT (12 decks)

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