Motivation

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

inner state that guides and drives human behavior

Question 2

Emotions

Answer 2

Feelings that are usually accompanied by physiological arousal, cognitive interpretations and related behavioral responses

Question 3

Instinct Theory

Answer 3

argues that organisms are preprogrammed to engage is behaviors to ensure survival and reproduction

Question 4

Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 4

based on the premise that organisms seek to obtain some basic biological need that is lacking

Question 5

Homeostatic - Regulation Theory

Answer 5

takes Drive - Reduction Theory a step further by suggesting that organisms are driven to maintain a steady and balanced internal state. according to this view, the body constantly monitors temperature and nutrient levels

Question 6

Arousal Theory

Answer 6

argues that individuals are often motivated by a desire to either maintain or increase their level of stimulation or excitement

Question 7

Incentive Theory

Answer 7

proposes that individuals are motivated by a desire to obtain external incentives such as money, affection, and grades
• these are also called secondary drives (non-biological)

Question 8

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 8

engage in behavior for their OWN enjoyment

Question 9

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 9

engage in behavior for external rewards / to avoid punishment

Question 10

Achievement Motivation

Answer 10

argues that individuals are motivated by a desire to accomplish tasks and to excel

Question 11

Instinct Theory

Answer 11

states that motivations is based on instincts which are fixed, automatic, innate (born with) responses

Question 12

Abraham Maslow

Answer 12

created the Hierarchy of Needs

Question 13

Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 13

1. Physiological needs: water, food, sleep (primary drives)
2. Safety needs: secure
3. Love needs: being wanted
4. Esteem needs: need for achievement
5. Cognitive needs: pursuit of knowledge
6. Self-actualization: being able to recognize your fullest potential, which is only reached after going through all levels of the Hierarchy of Needs

Question 14

Theory X

Answer 14

Suggests that workers are basically lazy and needs to be extrinsically motivated

Question 15

Theory Y

Answer 15

Assumes that workers need to be challenged and as a result intrinsically motivated

Question 16

Glucose

Answer 16

Sugar that the body uses for energy

Question 17

CCK

Answer 17

a hormone responsible for indicating fullness during a meal

Question 18

Satiation

Answer 18

to be full

Question 19

Orexin

Answer 19

a hormone that triggers hunger

Question 20

Set Point Theory

Answer 20

states that homeostasis monitors and maintains internal body conditions, including body weight
• a persons ideal weight

Question 21

BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)

Answer 21

the rate at which your body conserves and burns off calories

Question 22

BMI (Body Mass Index)

Answer 22

the measure of a person’s weight in proportions to their height
• obese: 30

Question 23

Anorexia

Answer 23

eating disorder characterized by a dramatic drop in calories consumed and an obsession with exercise

Question 24

Bulimia

Answer 24

eating disorder characterized by periods of binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of consumed food by intentional vomiting or use of laxatives)

Question 25

Emotion

Answer 25

the experience of feelings

Question 26

James - Lange Theory

Answer 26

Emotion is the result of the interpretation of body fluctuations
• kind of like a cause and effect relationship
ex: Sally was in a car accident. Sally’s heart then started racing and THEN she experienced fear as a result of her heart beating faster
basically: body fluctuations => emotions

Question 27

Cannon - Bard Theory

Answer 27

Emotions are the result of simultaneous change within the body and the brains interpretation of the stimulus
basically: body change AND brain interpretation => emotion

Question 28

Two - Factor Theory

Answer 28

Emotion is the result of a physiological change in the body and a cognitive label that one provides to explain why there is a physiological change
basically: body change + a cognitive label for the change => emotion

Question 29

Stress

Answer 29

a negative emotional state in response to circumstances that exceed a persons ability to control them

Question 30

Approach - Approach Conflict

Answer 30

when a person has to make a decision between two appealing choices

Question 31

Avoidance - Avoidance Conflict

Answer 31

when a person has to make a decision between two unappealing choices

Question 32

Approach - Avoidance Conflict

Answer 32

when a person has to make a choice that has both appealing and unappealing features
• this is considered the most stressful type of conflict

Question 33

Multiple - Approach Avoidance

Answer 33

when two choices have both positive and negative points

Question 34

Hans Seyle

Answer 34

a researcher who studies the effects of prolonged stress

Question 35

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 35

identifies physical changes that occur through continued exposure to stress. Seyle described this process as a series of three stages

Question 36

Alarm Stage

Answer 36

intense body arousal occurs as a threat of a stressor is interpreted

Question 37

Resistive Stage

Answer 37

the body attempts to adjust to intense arousal triggered in the alarm stage

Question 38

Exhaustive Stage

Answer 38

if the stressor continues to arouse the body, the body becomes exhausted, which can lead to illness, mental exhaustion, and, in extreme cases, death