Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
inner state that guides and drives human behavior
Emotions
Feelings that are usually accompanied by physiological arousal, cognitive interpretations and related behavioral responses
Instinct Theory
argues that organisms are preprogrammed to engage is behaviors to ensure survival and reproduction
Drive Reduction Theory
based on the premise that organisms seek to obtain some basic biological need that is lacking
Homeostatic - Regulation Theory
takes Drive - Reduction Theory a step further by suggesting that organisms are driven to maintain a steady and balanced internal state. according to this view, the body constantly monitors temperature and nutrient levels
Arousal Theory
argues that individuals are often motivated by a desire to either maintain or increase their level of stimulation or excitement
Incentive Theory
proposes that individuals are motivated by a desire to obtain external incentives such as money, affection, and grades
• these are also called secondary drives (non-biological)
Intrinsic Motivation
engage in behavior for their OWN enjoyment
Extrinsic Motivation
engage in behavior for external rewards / to avoid punishment
Achievement Motivation
argues that individuals are motivated by a desire to accomplish tasks and to excel
Instinct Theory
states that motivations is based on instincts which are fixed, automatic, innate (born with) responses
Abraham Maslow
created the Hierarchy of Needs
Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological needs: water, food, sleep (primary drives)
- Safety needs: secure
- Love needs: being wanted
- Esteem needs: need for achievement
- Cognitive needs: pursuit of knowledge
- Self-actualization: being able to recognize your fullest potential, which is only reached after going through all levels of the Hierarchy of Needs
Theory X
Suggests that workers are basically lazy and needs to be extrinsically motivated
Theory Y
Assumes that workers need to be challenged and as a result intrinsically motivated
Glucose
Sugar that the body uses for energy
CCK
a hormone responsible for indicating fullness during a meal
Satiation
to be full
Orexin
a hormone that triggers hunger
Set Point Theory
states that homeostasis monitors and maintains internal body conditions, including body weight
• a persons ideal weight
BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)
the rate at which your body conserves and burns off calories
BMI (Body Mass Index)
the measure of a person’s weight in proportions to their height
• obese: 30
Anorexia
eating disorder characterized by a dramatic drop in calories consumed and an obsession with exercise
Bulimia
eating disorder characterized by periods of binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of consumed food by intentional vomiting or use of laxatives)
Emotion
the experience of feelings
James - Lange Theory
Emotion is the result of the interpretation of body fluctuations
• kind of like a cause and effect relationship
ex: Sally was in a car accident. Sally’s heart then started racing and THEN she experienced fear as a result of her heart beating faster
basically: body fluctuations => emotions
Cannon - Bard Theory
Emotions are the result of simultaneous change within the body and the brains interpretation of the stimulus
basically: body change AND brain interpretation => emotion
Two - Factor Theory
Emotion is the result of a physiological change in the body and a cognitive label that one provides to explain why there is a physiological change
basically: body change + a cognitive label for the change => emotion
Stress
a negative emotional state in response to circumstances that exceed a persons ability to control them
Approach - Approach Conflict
when a person has to make a decision between two appealing choices
Avoidance - Avoidance Conflict
when a person has to make a decision between two unappealing choices
Approach - Avoidance Conflict
when a person has to make a choice that has both appealing and unappealing features
• this is considered the most stressful type of conflict
Multiple - Approach Avoidance
when two choices have both positive and negative points
Hans Seyle
a researcher who studies the effects of prolonged stress
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
identifies physical changes that occur through continued exposure to stress. Seyle described this process as a series of three stages
Alarm Stage
intense body arousal occurs as a threat of a stressor is interpreted
Resistive Stage
the body attempts to adjust to intense arousal triggered in the alarm stage
Exhaustive Stage
if the stressor continues to arouse the body, the body becomes exhausted, which can lead to illness, mental exhaustion, and, in extreme cases, death
