morphologic diagnosis in inflammation

Question 1

what provides clues about the underlying cause

Answer 1

recognizing the gross and microscopic patterns

Question 2

what is a morphological diagnosis

Answer 2

the way we describe and communicate about lesions

Question 3

what are the important categories of words to include in your morphologic diagnosis

Answer 3

severity, time course, type of exudate, extent of the lesion, designation of the organ

Question 4

mild

Answer 4

less than 30% of the organ is affected

Question 5

moderate

Answer 5

30-60% of the organ is affected

Question 6

severe

Answer 6

more than 60%

Question 7

review time course designation

Answer 7

in previous lectures

Question 8

serous inflammation is characterized by

Answer 8

outpouring of a translucent, thin fluid that may accumulate on a mucosal surface, skin, or in the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

Question 9

serous inflammation usually indicats

Answer 9

the insult is mild

Question 10

what does serous exudate look like

Answer 10

clear to yellowish fluid that accujulates in a blister or a runny nose in hay fever

Question 11

serous exudates are usually the result of

Answer 11

mild, transient irritation

Question 12

serous exudate consists mostly of

Answer 12

serum (or plasma) but protein is high enough to make it an exudate

Question 13

what is the significance of a serous exudate

Answer 13

may ust be the early phase of a more intense edudate and harbinger of a more serous problem

Question 14

what is the outcome of a serous exudate

Answer 14

if it doesnt progress to something worse, the fluid is reabsorbed as the inflammation resolves; can progress to fibrinous or hemorrhagic exudate

Question 15

when does fibrinous exudation occur

Answer 15

in more severe conditins that allow the escape of larger fibrinogen molecules from the vascular system

Question 16

when fibrinogen reaches the tissue it is converted to

Answer 16

fibrin

Question 17

prime locations inlude

Answer 17

entire respiratory tract, digestive tract, pleura, periotneum, and pericardium

Question 18

surface with fibrinous exudate appearance

Answer 18

slightly roughened appearance; dull; granular; yellowish strands present that can be peeled off as fibrin increases

Question 19

pseudomembrane

Answer 19

thick layering of fibrin that can be peeled away

Question 20

diphtheric membrane

Answer 20

extensive necrosis of underlying areas so that the fibrin is tightly adhered to the tissue and cant be peeled away

Question 21

fibrin cast

Answer 21

so much fibrin that it gushes out and forms a large accumulation mimicking the shape of a tubular organ

Question 22

fibrin casts occur in

Answer 22

every single ntestinal infection (parvovirus, salmonelosis)

Question 23

what does fibrin look like microscopically

Answer 23

appears as an eosinophilic meshwork of fine strands or as an amorphous dull slightly granular eosinophilic coagulum

Question 24

whatis the significance of fibrinous inflammation

Answer 24

1. prevents excessive blood loss by hemostasis
2. protects the underlying tissues from further irritation
3. form a framework to allow leukocytes to migrate in and help and later to allow repair to occur

Question 25

what is the outcome of fibrinous inflammation if not too severe

Answer 25

may resolve without any sequelae; or fibroblasts eventually migrate in and begin organizing the exudate through the generation of fibrous connective tissue

Question 26

how can this be harmful?

Answer 26

fibrin-covered serosal surfaces may stick to each other (impede gut motility); impede heart or lungs movements

Question 27

as fibrinous inflammation begins it is refferred to as

Answer 27

organizing

Question 28

once fibrinous inflammation is fully organized it is referred to as

Answer 28

firbrous tissue

Question 29

ibrosis or fibrous tissue

Answer 29

is NOT a type of inflammation, it is growth on tnew cells and laying down collagen leading to rpeair

Question 30

fibrinous means

Answer 30

fibrin is present

Question 31

fibrous means

Answer 31

laying down of connective tissue (scarring)

Question 32

fibrin

Answer 32

(fibrinous) acute

Question 33

fibrous

Answer 33

(fibrosis) chronic

Question 34

catharrhal exudate

Answer 34

excessive mucus production; used in inflammation in organs where mucus is already being produced

Question 35

most often associated with mucosal surfaces of

Answer 35

intestinal, reproductive, upper respiratory tracts (places with goblet cells)

Question 36

catarrhal inflammation appearance

Answer 36

a thin gray-yellow blanket of excess mucus

Question 37

what does catharral inflammation look like microscopically

Answer 37

thicker than normal coat of mucus on the luminal surface; goblet cells may be more numerous

Question 38

purulent exudate

Answer 38

an accumulation of dead neutrophils

Question 39

neutrophils have enzymes that help ______ so the result is a homogenous mass f creamy pus

Answer 39

liquefy the surrounding tissue

Question 40

another term for purulent inflammation is

Answer 40

suppurative

Question 41

what does pyogenic bacteria mean

Answer 41

bacteria that produce pus

Question 42

pyogenic bacteria are strongly chemotactic for

Answer 42

neutrophils

Question 43

what bacterias are pyogenic bacteria

Answer 43

streptococcus, staphylococcus, truperella pyogenes

Question 44

if pus is present for a while and the inciting agent is removed, the pus becomes

Answer 44

dry or "inspissated"

Question 45

almost all cases of pus formation are due to

Answer 45

bacteria

Question 46

abscess

Answer 46

purulent inflammation is well circumscribed and surrounded by a fibrous wall or capsule

Question 47

how does purulent exudate appear microscopically

Answer 47

beaucoup neutrophils

Question 48

what is the significance of purulent inflammation

Answer 48

a prompt and violent reaction against irritants and pathogens; bacteria will be there or HAD been there in 99% of cases

Question 49

what are the outcomes of purulent inflammation

Answer 49

localized, purulent inflammation can break loose and spread to other areas. (septicemia is spread to blood) resorption of pus if not spread: fever, and general signs of illness formation of a fistulous tract to dishcarge to the outside fibroblasts move in to organize this type of inflammation so there is eventually a scar

Question 50

abscess are usually formed in response to

Answer 50

a focal bacterial infection

Question 51

fibrous wall prevents

Answer 51

delivery of antibiotics to the site

Question 52

hemorrhagic exudate

Answer 52

holes in the blood vessels are large enough that everything comes out so that the appearance of the exudate is very much like clotted blood

Question 53

hemorrhagic exudate are usually mixed with

Answer 53

serum, fibrin, and leukocytes

Question 54

what is the significance of hemorrhagic inflammation

Answer 54

usually caused by highly virulent microorganisms or by acute poisoning by certain chemicals; arises quickly and is often fatal; massive damage to endothelium

Question 55

what is the outcome of hemorrhagic inflammation

Answer 55

often gaurded

Question 56

mixed exudates

Answer 56

more common

Question 57

granulomatous exudates

Answer 57

majority of cells are macrophages; done usually ooze so are more termed granulomatous inflammation;