Exam 1: Acute inflammation

Question 1

the vascular events of the acute inflammatory response involve three main processes

Answer 1

1. changes in vessel caliber and, consequently blood flow
2. increased vascular permeability
3. formation of the fluid exudate

Question 2

vasodilation is induced by the action of several mediators, notably, _____

Answer 2

histamine, on vascular smooth muscle

Question 3

during inflammation, all capillaries are

Answer 3

open!

Question 4

increased vascular permeability allows

Answer 4

proteins to escape between cells; so much more fluid leaves the vessles than is returned to them

Question 5

net escape of protein-rich fluid is called

Answer 5

exudation

Question 6

transudate

Answer 6

a fluid low in protein and produced primarily by an increase in hydrostatic pressure or decreased blood osmotic pressure without a change in permeability

Question 7

what causes the increase in vascular permeability of postcapillary interendothelial spaces in acute inflammation

Answer 7

2 mechanisms:
contraction of endothelial cells elicited by chemical mediators
endothelial injury, resulting in endothelial cell necrosis

Question 8

contraction of endothelial cells elicited by chemical mediators is called

Answer 8

immediate transient response because it occurs rapidly after exposure to the mediator and is usually short-lived

Question 9

a delayed response may start ____ hours after injury and lasts for up to ____ hours

Answer 9

1-3 hours; 12 hours

Question 10

endothelial injury, resulting in endothelial cell necrosis caused by

Answer 10

severe injuries or action of microbes and microbial toxins that target endothelial cells; leakage starts immediately and is sustained several hours until the damaged vessels are thrombosed or repaired

Question 11

proteins present in exudate include

Answer 11

immunoglobulins, which may be important in the destruction of invading microorganisms, and coagulation factors, asuch as fibrinogen, which reults in fibrin deposition on contact with the extravascular tissues

Question 12

in blood vessels larger than capillaries, blood cells flow in the

Answer 12

center of the lumen (axial flow) while plasma flows near the wall

Question 13

margination

Answer 13

as blood flow slows, blood cells begin to flow nearer to the vessel wall

Question 14

Rolling (pavementing) of leukocytes

Answer 14

along the surface of the vascular epithelium

Question 15

adhere

Answer 15

line up on surface of vascular endothelium

Question 16

adherance is the result of

Answer 16

interaction between leukocyte surface molecules and endothelial cell adhesion molecules

Question 17

these leukocyte and endothlial cell adhesion molecules are also called

Answer 17

selectins and integrins (cell surface molecules that play a role in cell to cell or cell to matrix interactions)

Question 18

after adherance occurs, the next step is

Answer 18

leukoctye emigration into the extravascular space

Question 19

what orchestrate this cellular event

Answer 19

cytokines (mainly TNF-alpha, IL-1) secreted by macrophages

Question 20

the changes in blood flow and vascular permeability are quickly followed by

Answer 20

an influx of leukocytes into the tissue

Question 21

these leukocytes perform the key function of

Answer 21

eliminating ooffending agents

Question 22

the most important leukocytes in typical inflammatory reactions are

Answer 22

ones capable of phagocytosis (neutrophils and macrophages)

Question 23

neutrophils predominate

Answer 23

6-24 hours in early inflammatory infiltrate

Question 24

neutrophils later replaced by macrophages

Answer 24

24-48 hours

Question 25

once in tissue, neutrophils lifespan is

Answer 25

only a few hours to 2-3 days and must be constantly replaced

Question 26

when neutrophils die

Answer 26

most die locally, but some leave site via lymphatics

Question 27

phagocytosis involves 3 sequential steps

Answer 27

1. recognition and attachment of the particle to be ingested by the leukocyte
2. engulfment, with subsequent formation of a phagocytic vacuole
3. killing or degradation of the ingested material

Question 28

microorganisms are opsonized by what

Answer 28

immunoglobulins or complement components

Question 29

bacterial endotoxins activate complement via

Answer 29

alternative pathway

Question 30

alternative pathway generates _____ which has opsonizing properties

Answer 30

C3b

Question 31

if antibody binds to bacterial antigens, this can activate complement via

Answer 31

the classical pathway, aslo genrating C3b

Question 32

binding of immunoglobulins to microorganisms by their Fab components leaves teh _____ exposed

Answer 32

Fc

Question 33

neutrophils and macrophages have surface receptors for

Answer 33

Fc fragment; consequently bind to the micro-organisms prior to ingestion

Question 34

after a particle is bound to phagocyte recepors, ______ flow around it

Answer 34

extensions of the cytoplasm (pseudopods)

Question 35

the plasma membrane pinches off to form a

Answer 35

phagosome (vesicle) that encloses the particle

Question 36

phagosome then fuses with a ________

Answer 36

lysosomal granule, resulting in discharge of granules contents into the phagolysosome

Question 37

killing of microbes in phagocytes is accomplished by

Answer 37

reactive oxygen species; reactive nitrogen species mainly derived from nitric oxide, lysosomal enzymes destroy phagocytic debris