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Cell-derived Mediators of Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

cell-derived mediators are normally located

A

sequestered in intracellular granules

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2
Q

cell derived mediators are secreted by ______ or synthesized ____

A

granule exocytosis; de novo in response to a stimulus

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3
Q

what cell-derived mediators are synthesized de novo

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes, cytokines

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4
Q

the major cell types that produce mediators of acute inflammation are

A

sentinels that detect invaders and damage in tissues (macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells)

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5
Q

______ can also be induced to elaborate some of the mediators

A

platelets, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and most epithelia

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6
Q

they fall into 4 major categories which are

A

vasoactive amines
arachidonic acid metabolites
cytokines
chemokines

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7
Q

what are the vasoactive amines

A

histamine and serotonin

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8
Q

vasoactive amines are responsible for

A

immediate and shor-lived responses in inflammation including vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and smooth muscle contraction in the respiratory and digestive tract

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9
Q

are vasoactive amines stored?

A

in molecules in cells and are therfore among the first mediators to be released during inflammation

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10
Q

where are mast cells normally present

A

in tissue adjacent to vessels

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11
Q

where is histamine found

A

in mast cells, in blood basophils and platelets

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12
Q

histamine is stored in mast cell granules and is released by mast cell degranulation in response to a variety of stimuli including

A

physical injury
binding of antibodies
products of complement called anaphylatoxins

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13
Q

binding of antibodies to mast cells does what

A

underlies immediate hypersensitivity reactions

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14
Q

anaphylatoxins include

A

C3a and C5a

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15
Q

_______ bind to specific receptors on mast cells and trigger signaling pathways that induce rapid degranulation

A

antibodies and complement products

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16
Q

______ may also trigger release of histamine

A

neuropeptides (substance P) and cytokines (IL-1, IL-8)

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17
Q

______ is a preformed vasoactive mediator present in platelets and certain neuroendocrine cells

A

serotonin

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18
Q

primary function of serotonin

A

neurotransmitter in the GIT

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19
Q

serotonin is also a _____

A

vasoconstrictor

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20
Q

histamine cellular sources

A

mast cells, basophils

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21
Q

histamine effect

A

vasodilation, increased vascular permeability (edema)

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22
Q

serotonin cellular sources

A

platelets, mast cells of rodents

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23
Q

serotonin efects

A

vasodilation, increased vascular permeability

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24
Q

______ are produced from arachidonic acid

A

lipid mediators prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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25
Q

arachodonic acid is present in

A

membrane phospholipids

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26
Q

lipid mediators stimulate

A

vascular and cellular reactions in acute inflammation

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27
Q

AA is released from membrane phospholipids through the action of

A

cellular phospholipases (mainly phospholipase A2)

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28
Q

what are eicosonoids

A

AA derived mediators (derived from 10 carbon fatty acids)

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29
Q

eicosonoids are synthesized by

A

cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases

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30
Q

cyclooxygenass produce

A

prostaglandins

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31
Q

lipoxygenases produce

A

leukotrienes and lipoxins

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32
Q

eicosonoids bind to ______ on many cell types and can mediate virtually every step of inflammation

A

G protein coupled receptors

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33
Q

prostaglandins are produced by

A

mast cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, and many other cell types

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34
Q

prostaglandins are involved in

A

vascular and systemic reactions of inflammation

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35
Q

most important prostaglandins in inflammation

A

PGE2, PGD2, PGI2 (prostacyclin), TxA2 (thromboxane A2)

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36
Q

PGI2 cellular sources

A

endothelium

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37
Q

PGI2 efects

A

vasodilation, keeps platelets from aggregating

38
Q

TXA2 cellular sources

39
Q

TXA2 effects

A

vasoconstriction, promotes platelet aggregation

40
Q

PGD2 cellular sources

A

leukocytes, mast cells

41
Q

PGD2 effects

A

vasodilation, edema

42
Q

PGE2 celular resources

A

all leukocytes

43
Q

PGE2 effects

A

pain, fever, vasodilation, edema

44
Q

leukotrienes are produced by

A

leukocytes and mast cells

45
Q

leukotrienes are produced by the action of

A

lipoxygenase

46
Q

leukotriens are involved in

A

vascular and smooth muscle reactions and leukocyte recruitment

47
Q

are leukotrienes or histamine more potent in increasing permeability and causing bronchospasm

A

leukotrienes

48
Q

lipoxins are generated from AA by the _____ pathway

A

lipoxygenase

49
Q

what do lipoxins do

A

suppress inflammation by inhibiting the recruitment of leukocytes; inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion to endothelium

50
Q

specialized pro-resolving mediators include

A

lipoxin, resolvin, protectin, maresin families

51
Q

platelet activating factor is produced in what cells

A

platelets, neutrophils, mast cels, monocytes, and endothelium

52
Q

PAF is a major inflammatory mediator capable of causing

A

increased vascular permeability

53
Q

PAF promotes

A

leukocyte chemotaxis, activation and adhesion, platelet activation, and mediator release from leukocytes

54
Q

LTB4 cellular source

A

all leukocytes

55
Q

LTB4 efects

A

chemotactic for neutrophils

56
Q

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 celllar sources

A

all leukocytes

57
Q

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 effects

A

vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, bronchospasm

58
Q

LXA4, LXB4 cellular sources

A

platelets, endothelial cells, mucosal epithelial cells and other leukocytes via interactions with PMNs

59
Q

LXA4, LXB4 effects

A

inhibition of inflammation

60
Q

PAF effects

A

leukocyte chemotaxis, adhesion, aggregation, platelet activation and aggregations, increased vascular permeability

61
Q

eicosanoids that cause vasodilation include

A

PGI2, PGE1, PGE2, PGD2

62
Q

eicosanoids that cause vasoconstriction

A

TXA2, leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

63
Q

eiocosanoids that cause increased vascular permeability

A

L C4, D4, E4

64
Q

eicosanoids that cause chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

L B4, HETE

65
Q

eicosanoids that cause resoluiton

A

lipoxin, resolvin, protectin, maresin

66
Q

HETE is

A

hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid

67
Q

cytokines are produced by

A

macrophages, dendritic cells; but also endothelial, epithelial, and connective tissue cells

68
Q

cytokines serve to

A

move the cellular response against an invader

69
Q

cytokines that mediate the acute inflammatory response and work in innate immunity include

A

TNFa and IL-1

70
Q

cytokines that work on the inflammatory response but may also have a role in the development of the specific immune response include

A

IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-y

71
Q

what is an interleukin

A

a secreted signalling molecule that helps the body respond to inflammation

72
Q

TNFa and IL-1 are activated by

A 
microbial products
immune complexes
foreign bodies
physical injury
variety of other inflammatory stimuli
73
Q

TNFa cellular sources

A

macrophages and dendritic cells; T lymphocytes and mast cells

74
Q

TNFa effects

A

endothelial activation
activation of leukocytes
systemic acute-pahas rsponse

75
Q

endothelial activation

A

adhesion molecules, mostly E- and P- selectings and ligands for leukocytes

76
Q

activation of leukocytes

A

TNF augments responses of neutrophils to other stimuli such as bacterial endotoxin and stimulates the microbicidal activity of macrophages, in part by inducing production of NO

77
Q

Systemic acute-phase response of TNFa

A

fever, sepsis, appetite reduction, cachexia

78
Q

IL-1 cellular sources

A

activated macrophages and dendritic cells, epithelial cells

79
Q

IL-1 effects

A

endothelial activation
activation of leukocytes
systemic acute-phase response

80
Q

activation of of leukocytes

A

IL-1 activates fibroblasts to synthesize collagen

81
Q

systemic acute-phase response of IL-1

A

fever, sepsis

82
Q

what is a chemokine

A

a small cytokine, that functions in chemotaxis

83
Q

what do chemokines do in general

A

activate and attract leukocytes

84
Q

IL-8 sources

A

macrophages mostly

85
Q

IL-8 effects

A

neutrophil activation and recruitment, induces TNF and IL1 secretion

86
Q

eotaxin (IL-5) sources

A

mast cells mostly

87
Q

eotaxin (IL-5) effects

A

eosinophil recruitent

88
Q

MCP-1 monocyte sources

89
Q

MCP-1 effects

A

macrophage chemotaxis

90
Q

insert other flashcards here

A

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Pathology (17 decks)

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