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Cell-derived Mediators of Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

cell-derived mediators are normally located

A

sequestered in intracellular granules

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2
Q

cell derived mediators are secreted by ______ or synthesized ____

A

granule exocytosis; de novo in response to a stimulus

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3
Q

what cell-derived mediators are synthesized de novo

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes, cytokines

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4
Q

the major cell types that produce mediators of acute inflammation are

A

sentinels that detect invaders and damage in tissues (macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells)

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5
Q

______ can also be induced to elaborate some of the mediators

A

platelets, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and most epithelia

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6
Q

they fall into 4 major categories which are

A

vasoactive amines
arachidonic acid metabolites
cytokines
chemokines

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7
Q

what are the vasoactive amines

A

histamine and serotonin

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8
Q

vasoactive amines are responsible for

A

immediate and shor-lived responses in inflammation including vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and smooth muscle contraction in the respiratory and digestive tract

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9
Q

are vasoactive amines stored?

A

in molecules in cells and are therfore among the first mediators to be released during inflammation

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10
Q

where are mast cells normally present

A

in tissue adjacent to vessels

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11
Q

where is histamine found

A

in mast cells, in blood basophils and platelets

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12
Q

histamine is stored in mast cell granules and is released by mast cell degranulation in response to a variety of stimuli including

A

physical injury
binding of antibodies
products of complement called anaphylatoxins

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13
Q

binding of antibodies to mast cells does what

A

underlies immediate hypersensitivity reactions

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14
Q

anaphylatoxins include

A

C3a and C5a

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15
Q

_______ bind to specific receptors on mast cells and trigger signaling pathways that induce rapid degranulation

A

antibodies and complement products

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16
Q

______ may also trigger release of histamine

A

neuropeptides (substance P) and cytokines (IL-1, IL-8)

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17
Q

______ is a preformed vasoactive mediator present in platelets and certain neuroendocrine cells

A

serotonin

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18
Q

primary function of serotonin

A

neurotransmitter in the GIT

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19
Q

serotonin is also a _____

A

vasoconstrictor

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20
Q

histamine cellular sources

A

mast cells, basophils

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21
Q

histamine effect

A

vasodilation, increased vascular permeability (edema)

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22
Q

serotonin cellular sources

A

platelets, mast cells of rodents

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23
Q

serotonin efects

A

vasodilation, increased vascular permeability

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24
Q

______ are produced from arachidonic acid

A

lipid mediators prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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25
arachodonic acid is present in
membrane phospholipids
26
lipid mediators stimulate
vascular and cellular reactions in acute inflammation
27
AA is released from membrane phospholipids through the action of
cellular phospholipases (mainly phospholipase A2)
28
what are eicosonoids
AA derived mediators (derived from 10 carbon fatty acids)
29
eicosonoids are synthesized by
cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases
30
cyclooxygenass produce
prostaglandins
31
lipoxygenases produce
leukotrienes and lipoxins
32
eicosonoids bind to ______ on many cell types and can mediate virtually every step of inflammation
G protein coupled receptors
33
prostaglandins are produced by
mast cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, and many other cell types
34
prostaglandins are involved in
vascular and systemic reactions of inflammation
35
most important prostaglandins in inflammation
PGE2, PGD2, PGI2 (prostacyclin), TxA2 (thromboxane A2)
36
PGI2 cellular sources
endothelium
37
PGI2 efects
vasodilation, keeps platelets from aggregating
38
TXA2 cellular sources
platelets
39
TXA2 effects
vasoconstriction, promotes platelet aggregation
40
PGD2 cellular sources
leukocytes, mast cells
41
PGD2 effects
vasodilation, edema
42
PGE2 celular resources
all leukocytes
43
PGE2 effects
pain, fever, vasodilation, edema
44
leukotrienes are produced by
leukocytes and mast cells
45
leukotrienes are produced by the action of
lipoxygenase
46
leukotriens are involved in
vascular and smooth muscle reactions and leukocyte recruitment
47
are leukotrienes or histamine more potent in increasing permeability and causing bronchospasm
leukotrienes
48
lipoxins are generated from AA by the _____ pathway
lipoxygenase
49
what do lipoxins do
suppress inflammation by inhibiting the recruitment of leukocytes; inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion to endothelium
50
specialized pro-resolving mediators include
lipoxin, resolvin, protectin, maresin families
51
platelet activating factor is produced in what cells
platelets, neutrophils, mast cels, monocytes, and endothelium
52
PAF is a major inflammatory mediator capable of causing
increased vascular permeability
53
PAF promotes
leukocyte chemotaxis, activation and adhesion, platelet activation, and mediator release from leukocytes
54
LTB4 cellular source
all leukocytes
55
LTB4 efects
chemotactic for neutrophils
56
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 celllar sources
all leukocytes
57
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 effects
vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, bronchospasm
58
LXA4, LXB4 cellular sources
platelets, endothelial cells, mucosal epithelial cells and other leukocytes via interactions with PMNs
59
LXA4, LXB4 effects
inhibition of inflammation
60
PAF effects
leukocyte chemotaxis, adhesion, aggregation, platelet activation and aggregations, increased vascular permeability
61
eicosanoids that cause vasodilation include
PGI2, PGE1, PGE2, PGD2
62
eicosanoids that cause vasoconstriction
TXA2, leukotrienes C4, D4, E4
63
eiocosanoids that cause increased vascular permeability
L C4, D4, E4
64
eicosanoids that cause chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion
L B4, HETE
65
eicosanoids that cause resoluiton
lipoxin, resolvin, protectin, maresin
66
HETE is
hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
67
cytokines are produced by
macrophages, dendritic cells; but also endothelial, epithelial, and connective tissue cells
68
cytokines serve to
move the cellular response against an invader
69
cytokines that mediate the acute inflammatory response and work in innate immunity include
TNFa and IL-1
70
cytokines that work on the inflammatory response but may also have a role in the development of the specific immune response include
IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-y
71
what is an interleukin
a secreted signalling molecule that helps the body respond to inflammation
72
TNFa and IL-1 are activated by
``` microbial products immune complexes foreign bodies physical injury variety of other inflammatory stimuli ```
73
TNFa cellular sources
macrophages and dendritic cells; T lymphocytes and mast cells
74
TNFa effects
endothelial activation activation of leukocytes systemic acute-pahas rsponse
75
endothelial activation
adhesion molecules, mostly E- and P- selectings and ligands for leukocytes
76
activation of leukocytes
TNF augments responses of neutrophils to other stimuli such as bacterial endotoxin and stimulates the microbicidal activity of macrophages, in part by inducing production of NO
77
Systemic acute-phase response of TNFa
fever, sepsis, appetite reduction, cachexia
78
IL-1 cellular sources
activated macrophages and dendritic cells, epithelial cells
79
IL-1 effects
endothelial activation activation of leukocytes systemic acute-phase response
80
activation of of leukocytes
IL-1 activates fibroblasts to synthesize collagen
81
systemic acute-phase response of IL-1
fever, sepsis
82
what is a chemokine
a small cytokine, that functions in chemotaxis
83
what do chemokines do in general
activate and attract leukocytes
84
IL-8 sources
macrophages mostly
85
IL-8 effects
neutrophil activation and recruitment, induces TNF and IL1 secretion
86
eotaxin (IL-5) sources
mast cells mostly
87
eotaxin (IL-5) effects
eosinophil recruitent
88
MCP-1 monocyte sources
all cells
89
MCP-1 effects
macrophage chemotaxis
90
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Pathology (17 decks)

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