Exam 1: Cellular Adaptations to Injury

Question 1

how do cells adapt to stress or injury

Answer 1

by increasing or decresing their size or number

Question 2

Hypertrophy

Answer 2

increase in cell size

Question 3

hypertrophy is most common in

Answer 3

tissues that do not normally replicate

Question 4

how does hypertrophy usually occur

Answer 4

increase in production of cellular proteins

Question 5

hypertrophy can be ___ or ____

Answer 5

physiologic or pathologic

Question 6

hyperplasia

Answer 6

increase in cell number

Question 7

hyperplasia most common in

Answer 7

tissues that normally replicate

Question 8

what are examples of physiologic hyperplasia

Answer 8

mammary gland; granulation; liver regeneration

Question 9

what are examples of pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 9

excess of hormones; papilloma virus wart

Question 10

atrophy

Answer 10

decrease in size of cell, organ, or tissue after normal growth is reached (can also be derease in cell number)

Question 11

causes of atrophy include

Answer 11

deficient nutrient supply, decreased workload, denervation, pressure, loss of endocrine stimulation, and aging

Question 12

hypoplasia

Answer 12

congenital decrease in size

Question 13

involution

Answer 13

physiologic reduction in the size of a tissue or organ (thymus)

Question 14

metaplasia

Answer 14

an adaptive, potentially reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type of the same germ line

Question 15

metaplasia occurs most commonly with ______ but can also occur with _____

Answer 15

epithelium, mesenchymal tissues

Question 16

metaplasia usually occurs to

Answer 16

a cell injury

Question 17

dysplasia

Answer 17

disorderly growth

Question 18

dysplasia is usually applied to

Answer 18

epithelial cells

Question 19

dysplasia can be a prelude to

Answer 19

neoplasia

Question 20

heterotopia

Answer 20

normal tissues arise in an abnormal location (ectopic tissue)

Question 21

what are the four basic mechanisms of intracellular accumulations

Answer 21

abnormal metabolism
alterations in protein folding
enzyme deficiencies
inability to phagocytize

Question 22

abnormal metabolism occurs when

Answer 22

a normal endogenous substance is produced at a normal or increased rate, but the rate of metabolism is inadequate to remove it

Question 23

example of abnormal metabolism

Answer 23

hepatic lipidosis

Question 24

what causes alterations in protein folding

Answer 24

mutations

Question 25

what is an example of alteration in protein folding

Answer 25

alpha 1 antitrypsin (not recognized in animals)

Question 26

enzyme deficiencies prevent what

Answer 26

breakdown of substrates, which then accumulate lysosomes

Question 27

what is an example of an enzyme deficiency

Answer 27

lososomal storage diseases (enlarged, foamy cytoplasm of cells)

Question 28

what is an example of inability to phagocytize particles

Answer 28

anthracosis (inhalation of air pollution)

Question 29

extracellular accumulations include what

Answer 29

amyloid | mineral

Question 30

what is amyloid

Answer 30

a group of chemically diverse extracellular glycoproteins that appear histologically and ultrastructurally similar

Question 31

histologically, amyloid is

Answer 31

esoinophilic, amorphous (no shape), hyalin substance on H&E stain Stains pink with congo red stain and looks light green under polarized light

Question 32

primary amyloidosis is composed of what

Answer 32

AL amyloid (amyloid light chain)

Question 33

AL amyloid is composed of

Answer 33

immunoglobulin derived from plasma cells

Question 34

what is the most common form of amyloidosis in people

Answer 34

primary

Question 35

what is an example of primary amyloidosis in dogs

Answer 35

canine plasmocytoma

Question 36

secondary amyloidosis is composed of

Answer 36

AA amyloid

Question 37

what is AA amyloid

Answer 37

derived from serum amyloid A, an acute phase protein that function in inflammatory response

Question 38

wha is the most common amyloidosis in animals

Answer 38

secondary amyloidosis

Question 39

secondary amyloidosis occurs secondary in some cases of ______

Answer 39

chronic inflammation

Question 40

amyloid accumulates in what tissues

Answer 40

kidney (especially glomeruli) | liver, spleen, GIT, endocrine organs

Question 41

soetimes amyloid is confined to

Answer 41

one organ

Question 42

familial amyloidosis

Answer 42

a form of secondary; hereditary in certain cat and dog breeds

Question 43

consequences of amyloid in the kidney

Answer 43

protein loss from glomeruli and renal failure

Question 44

consequences of amyloid in other tissues

Answer 44

compression of cells causing atrophy or death

Question 45

amyloid can appear ____ in tissue

Answer 45

yellow

Question 46

identification of amyloid at necropsy is done with

Answer 46

iodine solution: will highlight affected glomeruli

Question 47

mineral extracellular accumulations include

Answer 47

calcium salts, usually i the form of phosphates and carbonates (mineralization or calcification)

Question 48

what are the two types of mineralization

Answer 48

dystrophic and metastatic

Question 49

dsytrophic mineralization occurs in what tissues

Answer 49

necrotic tissues

Question 50

how does dystrophic mineralization occur

Answer 50

dead cells are no longer able to regulate the influx of Ca into their cytosol

Question 51

serum calcium levels in dystrophic mineralization

Answer 51

normal

Question 52

metastatic mineralization occurs in what tissues

Answer 52

normal tissue

Question 53

how does metastatic mineralization occur

Answer 53

result of hypercalcemia or calcium-phosphorous imbalance in the blood

Question 54

what are the causes of hypercalcemia or calcium phosphorous imbalance

Answer 54

renal failure vitamin d toxicity parathyroid hormone related protein

Question 55

renal failure

Answer 55

retention of P results in lowering of serum Ca and increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (renal secondary hyperparathyroidism)

Question 56

vitamin D toxicity

Answer 56

occurs from ingestion of plants, drugs, or rodenticides containing vitamin D

Question 57

parathyroid hormone related protein

Answer 57

Secreted by certain neoplasms (lymphoma and anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma in dogs)

Question 58

what is the gross appearance of mineralized tissue

Answer 58

usually white (not to be confused with necrotic muscle) and firm; gritty on palpation

Question 59

histologic appearance of mineralized tissue

Answer 59

deeply basophilic on H&E | Von Rossa: brown/black

Question 60

how can post mortem changes be ketp to a minimum

Answer 60

rapid cooling of the carcass and decreasing the time interval between death and necropsy

Question 61

autolysis

Answer 61

decomposition that occurs after death

Question 62

rigor mortis

Answer 62

contraction of muscles occurring after death that starts 1-6 hours after death and persists 1-2 days

Question 63

hypostatic congestion

Answer 63

(liver mortis) the gravitatinal pooling of blood on the down side of the body

Question 64

where is hypostatic congestion most evident

Answer 64

in the lung and skin

Question 65

bile imbibition

Answer 65

penetration of bile through the gall bladder wall following death. The bile stains the adjacent liver and GIT yellow to green-black

Question 66

pseudomelanosis

Answer 66

dark discoloration of tissue by iron sulfide, which results from the combination of hydrogen sulfide (produced by postmortem bacteria) and hemoglobin (from breakdwon of erythrocytes)

Question 67

bloating

Answer 67

result of postmortem bacterial gas formation in the lumen of the GIT.

Question 68

bloating is most severe in what animals

Answer 68

in herbivores and in hot weather