exam 1: chronic inflammation Flashcards
chronic inflammation is considered to be
inflammation of prolonged duration- weeks to months
chronic inflammation is usually
productive or proliferate; cells in inflammatory response tend to add substances that produce new tissue (collagen, new blood vessels)
chronic inflammation is characterized by
inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair all happening at once
grossly, chronic inflamamtion does not have as much ____ as an acute reaction
rubor or calor
exudate of chronic inflammation
not as grossly apparent; does not ooze; white or grayish (looks the same no matter what the cell type is)
areas of chronic inflammation tend to be
slightly swollen and firm
if fibrosis is extensive, the lesions can be
large and disfiguring
what is the best indicator that the inflammatory response is chronic
fibrosis
chronic inflammation arises in what settings
persistent infections
hypersensitivity diseases
prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents
examples of persistent infections include
mycobacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
prolonged exposure to potentially toxi agents include
exogenous (silica) or endogenous
the only way to add exudative moniker is to see
histology
all chronic inflammation contains
some cells, some fibroiss, and some neovascularization
lymphohistoplasmacytic inflammation
mostly lymphocytes, plasma cells, with lesser numbers of macrophages (occurs mostly in viral infections) macrophages are not activatedepi
granulomatous inflammation
cell types are almost all macrophages (fungal infections or mycobacterium)
pyogranulomatous
granulomatous but within the macrophages are pockets of neutrophils (FIP)
Granulomas
when inciting cause stimulates macrophages but the agents are distributed discretely within the organ (TB, fungal, foreign body); epitheliod macrophages that are organized or aggregated in closely packed collections; often a central core of caseous debris surrounded by macrophages encircled by a ring of lymphocytes and organizing fibroblasts
epithelioid macrophages
develop abundant cytoplasma nd begin to resemble epithelial cells; activated
multinucleate giant cells are unique to
granulomatous inflammation (sometimes called langhans cells)
are multinucleate cells efficient?
poorly phagocytic
in langhans type, nuclei are in
periphery
in foreign body type, nuclei are in
center
the dominant cells in most chronic inflammaotry reactions are
macrophages
macrophages contribute to the reaction by
by secreting cytokines and growth factors that act on various cells, by phagocytizing and destroying foreign invadors and tissues, and by activating other cells, notably T lymphocytes
what are the 2 pathways of macrophage activation
classical and alternative
classical macrophage activation may be induced by
microbial products or cytokine IFN-y
classically activated macrophages (M1) do what
enhance their ability to kill ingested organisms and secrete cytokines that stimulate inflammation
alternative macrophage activation is induced by
IL-4 and IL-13 (produced by T lymphocytes)
principal function of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages is in
tissue repair
M2 macrophages do what
secrete growth factors that promote angiogenesis, activate fibroblasts, and stimulate collagen synthesis
are resident macrophages a component of chronic inflammation
no
cns
microglial cell
lung
alveolar macrophage
liver
kupffer cells
CT
histiocyte
spleen
white or red pulp macrophage
marginal zone macrophage
