Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Exam 1: Cell Injury > Flashcards

Exam 1: Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

how can cells be injured?

A

extrinsic injury and intrinsic injury, or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can ATP be produced?

A

oxidative phosphorylation and anaerobic glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ATP is essential for what processes

A

major synthetic and degradative processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

depletion of ATP occurs with what?

A

hypoxia and toxin exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

loss of as little as ___ of ATP has widespread effects on many critical cellular systems

A

5-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

decreased ATP causes loss of activity of

A

Na-K ATPase pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

loss off activity of the Na-K ATPase pump results in

A

Na accumulation in the cell and K loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is hyropic degeneration

A

cell swelling and dysfunction due to water following Na into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

decreased ATP causes rate of anaerobic glycolysis to _____

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

increase in anaerobic glycolysis leads to _____ glycogen stores, _____ lactic acid, ______ pH

A

reduced; increased; reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

reduced pH decreases activity of

A

many cellular enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

decreased ATP leads to ____ of the Ca pump

A

failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

failure of the Ca pump causes Ca _______

A

accumulation in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

increased intracellular Ca does what to mitochondria

A

damages mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

increased intracellular Ca activates

A

enzymes that can damage cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

as ATP depletion worsens, ribosomes ____

A

detach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ribosome detachment results in

A

decreased protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ultimately, there is irreversible damge to ____

A

mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

free radicals

A

have a single unpaired electron in outer orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

energy created by such an unstable configuration is released through reactions with adjacent molecules such as

A

proteins, lipids, CHO, and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Reactive oxygen species

A

free radicals normally produced during mitochondrial respiration; normally degraded and removed by cellular defense mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are exampls of ROS

A

superoxide and hydroxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are examples of enzymes that defend against ROS damage

A

superoxide dismutase
catalase
glutathione peroxidase

24
Q

oxidative stress

A

excess of ROS due to ROS increase or scavenging systems are ineffective

25
Q

what do antioxidants do

A

either block the initiation of free radical formation or inactivate free radicals (vitamin A, E, D)

26
Q

Cell membrane injury results in

A

increased permeability

27
Q

what can cause membrane damage

A

atp depletion and free radicals; bacterial toxins, viral proteins, lytic complement components, chemicals, and physical injury

28
Q

what are the most important sites of membrane damage

A

plasma membrane, mitochondrial membrane, and membranes of lysosomes

29
Q

plasma membrane injury results in

A

loss of osmotic balance and influx of water and ions such as Na and Ca

30
Q

mitochondrial membrane damage results in

A

decreased ATPp production and release of pro-apoptotic proteins

31
Q

loss of lysosomal membrane integrity results in

A

leakage of lysosomal enzymes into cytoplasma nd enzymatic degradation of proteins, RNA, DNA, and glycogen

32
Q

what are the 2 forms of cell death

A

necrosis and apoptosis

33
Q

morphologic changes during necrosis include

A

cell swelling
increased eosinophilia
nuclear changes

34
Q

increased eosinophilia is caused by

A

loss of RNA and denaturing of the cytoplasmic proteins that normally bind the red dye eosin

35
Q

pyknosis

A

shrinkage

36
Q

karyorrhexis

A

fragmentation

37
Q

karolysis

A

dissolution

38
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

architecture of dead tissues is preserved because lysosomal enzymes are dentatured along with structural proteins, so dad cells persist for days or even weeks

39
Q

coagulative necrosis often occurs in areas of

A

ischemia

40
Q

what is an infarct

A

necrosis secondary to ischemia

41
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

architecture of the dead tissues is not preserved; dead cells are digested by lysosomal enzymes or enzymes secreted by leukocytes

42
Q

liquefactive necrosis is often seen in

A

bacterial and fungal infections

43
Q

fluid accumulations composed of necrotic neutrophils and tissue debris is called

A

pus

44
Q

caseous necrosis

A

necrotic issue has turned into a friable mass resembling cottage cheese

45
Q

gangrenous necrosis

A

ischemic necrosis with superimposed bacterial infection

46
Q

what is apoptosis

A

individual cell death that can be either physiologic or pathologic

47
Q

physiologic apoptosis occurs when

A

during embryogenesis and immune cell development when unneeded cells are removed

48
Q

pathologic apoptosis occurs when

A

viral infection, immunologic damage induced by Tlymphocytes, hypoxia, and some toxins

49
Q

what can induce apoptosis

A

direct injury to dna
withdrawal of growth factors or hormones can lead to release of proapoptotic proteins from mitochondria
receptor-ligan interactions (TNF binding to receptors in plasma membranes)

50
Q

enzymes called _____ activate other enzymes that break down DNA and cytoskeletal proteins

A

caspases

51
Q

what are the fragments of cells called that contain intracellular oranelles and other cytosolic components

A

apoptotic bodies

52
Q

apoptotic bodies are consumed by

A

phagocytes (macrophages)

53
Q

unlike necrotic cells that are often _____, apoptotic cells are ______

A

swollen, shrunken

54
Q

apoptotic cells are often ______ like necrotic cells

A

hypereosinophilic

55
Q

apoptotic bodies are often visible within

A

macrophages

56
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

TNF produced by leukocytes induces apoptosis by binding to receptors in plasma membranes

57
Q

intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway

A

growth factors or hormones can lead to release of proapoptotic proteins from mitochondria

Pathology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions