Exam 1: cellular components of inflammation Flashcards
morphologic hallmarks of acute inflammatory reaction
dilation of small blood vessels and accumulation of leukocytes and fluid in the extravascular tissue
mononuclear cells include
lymphocytes
plasma cells
macrophages
polymorphonuclear cells include
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
(granulocytes)
heterophils
neutrophil counterpart in birds, reptiles, guinea pigs, and rabbits
neutrophils are formed in bone marrow from
granulocytic stem cells, the myeloblasts
what causes neutrophil release from bone marrow
C5a, TNFa, IL-8, CSF
neutrophil life span
6-72 hours (microbicidal)
neutrophilia
increased number of neutrophils released from bone marrow
left shift
if the tissue demand for neutrophils persists or increases many of the immature forms will be released
neutrophils leave blood in response to
tissue damage
what is the most common cell in purulent exudate
neutrophils
pus
an accumulation of dead neutrophils
why should any accumulation of pus trigger the suspicion that bacteria are present
bacteria produce very strong chemotactic factors
azurophilic granules (primary granules) protein
myeloperoxidase, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), defensins, and the serine proteases neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G
specific granules (secondary granules) protein
alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, NADPH, oxidase, collagenase, lactoferrin and cathelicidin
tertiary granules
cathepsin and gelatinase
avian heterophils are devoid of
myeloperoxidase
how long do neutrophils last IN BLOOD
less than a day
dead neutrophils
contents are released into the extracellular fluids and their hydrolases cause local tissue digestion with lequefaction
eosinophilic granules contain what
major basic protein, which is toxic to parasites
how long do eosinophils live
8-12 days
eosinophils are commonly found in
mucous membranes
eosinophils are often associated with what four main types of reactions
surrounding metazoan parasites in tissues
hypersensitivity reactions, including allergy and anaphylaxis
certain tumors, espically mast cell tumors
in the brain of pigs poisoned by exces salt, or prolonged water deprivation
what are some of the strongest chemotactic factors for eosinophils
histamine and IL-5
both of which come from
mast cells
once eosinophils reach the tissue, what are their functions
do damage to bacteria
effective at killing metazoan parasites
this killing ability is dependent on
prior attachment of antibody from lymphocytes tot he parasites surface
basophils
emigrate into extravascular tissues at sites of inflammation
mast cells abundant in
skin, GI mucosa, respiratory tract
degranulation of mast cells releases
histamine, serotonin, eotaxin (IL-5) and heparin
degranulation of mast cells is usually dependent on prior fixation of
antibody to the cell surface at Fc receptors and subsequent binding of antigen to these antibodies
end result of mast cell degranulation is
vascular permeability, vasodilation, anticoagulatin, tissue destruction, and attraction of eosinophils
When B lymphocytes start to produce antibodies they turn into
plasma cells
plasma cell appearance
more cytoplasm with a pale halo around the nucleus (golgi apparatus)
seeing numerous plasma cells in an organ or lymph node is an indication of
chronic antigenic stimulation
how long can macrophages reside at an inflammatory site
as long as one month
how long do they take to arrive at the site of inflammation
48 hours
what is the function of a macrophage
phagocytosis and destruction of foreign material and presentation of antigen to lymphocytes
activated macrophages produce
cytokines, toxic oxygen metabolites, proteases, nitric oxide, growth factors that promote fibrosis, angiogenesis factors
multinucleated giant cells
fused macrophages
