Exam 1: cellular components of inflammation

Question 1

morphologic hallmarks of acute inflammatory reaction

Answer 1

dilation of small blood vessels and accumulation of leukocytes and fluid in the extravascular tissue

Question 2

mononuclear cells include

Answer 2

lymphocytes
plasma cells
macrophages

Question 3

polymorphonuclear cells include

Answer 3

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
(granulocytes)

Question 4

heterophils

Answer 4

neutrophil counterpart in birds, reptiles, guinea pigs, and rabbits

Question 5

neutrophils are formed in bone marrow from

Answer 5

granulocytic stem cells, the myeloblasts

Question 6

what causes neutrophil release from bone marrow

Answer 6

C5a, TNFa, IL-8, CSF

Question 7

neutrophil life span

Answer 7

6-72 hours (microbicidal)

Question 8

neutrophilia

Answer 8

increased number of neutrophils released from bone marrow

Question 9

left shift

Answer 9

if the tissue demand for neutrophils persists or increases many of the immature forms will be released

Question 10

neutrophils leave blood in response to

Answer 10

tissue damage

Question 11

what is the most common cell in purulent exudate

Answer 11

neutrophils

Question 12

pus

Answer 12

an accumulation of dead neutrophils

Question 13

why should any accumulation of pus trigger the suspicion that bacteria are present

Answer 13

bacteria produce very strong chemotactic factors

Question 14

azurophilic granules (primary granules) protein

Answer 14

myeloperoxidase, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), defensins, and the serine proteases neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G

Question 15

specific granules (secondary granules) protein

Answer 15

alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, NADPH, oxidase, collagenase, lactoferrin and cathelicidin

Question 16

tertiary granules

Answer 16

cathepsin and gelatinase

Question 17

avian heterophils are devoid of

Answer 17

myeloperoxidase

Question 18

how long do neutrophils last IN BLOOD

Answer 18

less than a day

Question 19

dead neutrophils

Answer 19

contents are released into the extracellular fluids and their hydrolases cause local tissue digestion with lequefaction

Question 20

eosinophilic granules contain what

Answer 20

major basic protein, which is toxic to parasites

Question 21

how long do eosinophils live

Answer 21

8-12 days

Question 22

eosinophils are commonly found in

Answer 22

mucous membranes

Question 23

eosinophils are often associated with what four main types of reactions

Answer 23

surrounding metazoan parasites in tissues
hypersensitivity reactions, including allergy and anaphylaxis
certain tumors, espically mast cell tumors
in the brain of pigs poisoned by exces salt, or prolonged water deprivation

Question 24

what are some of the strongest chemotactic factors for eosinophils

Answer 24

histamine and IL-5

Question 25

both of which come from

Answer 25

mast cells

Question 26

once eosinophils reach the tissue, what are their functions

Answer 26

do damage to bacteria

effective at killing metazoan parasites

Question 27

this killing ability is dependent on

Answer 27

prior attachment of antibody from lymphocytes tot he parasites surface

Question 28

basophils

Answer 28

emigrate into extravascular tissues at sites of inflammation

Question 29

mast cells abundant in

Answer 29

skin, GI mucosa, respiratory tract

Question 30

degranulation of mast cells releases

Answer 30

histamine, serotonin, eotaxin (IL-5) and heparin

Question 31

degranulation of mast cells is usually dependent on prior fixation of

Answer 31

antibody to the cell surface at Fc receptors and subsequent binding of antigen to these antibodies

Question 32

end result of mast cell degranulation is

Answer 32

vascular permeability, vasodilation, anticoagulatin, tissue destruction, and attraction of eosinophils

Question 33

When B lymphocytes start to produce antibodies they turn into

Answer 33

plasma cells

Question 34

plasma cell appearance

Answer 34

more cytoplasm with a pale halo around the nucleus (golgi apparatus)

Question 35

seeing numerous plasma cells in an organ or lymph node is an indication of

Answer 35

chronic antigenic stimulation

Question 36

how long can macrophages reside at an inflammatory site

Answer 36

as long as one month

Question 37

how long do they take to arrive at the site of inflammation

Answer 37

48 hours

Question 38

what is the function of a macrophage

Answer 38

phagocytosis and destruction of foreign material and presentation of antigen to lymphocytes

Question 39

activated macrophages produce

Answer 39

cytokines, toxic oxygen metabolites, proteases, nitric oxide, growth factors that promote fibrosis, angiogenesis factors

Question 40

multinucleated giant cells

Answer 40

fused macrophages