Exam 1: Inflammation

Question 1

what is inflammation

Answer 1

a beneficial host response to foreign challenge or tissue injury that leads ultimately to the restoration of tissue structure and function; inflammation is a beneficial host response to foreign invaders and necrotic tissue, but it may also cause tissue damage

Question 2

inflammation is a reaction of the _____

Answer 2

microcirculation

Question 3

inflammation is characterized by

Answer 3

movement of serum proteins, and leukocytes from the blood to the extravascular tissue

Question 4

this movement is regulated by the sequential release of

Answer 4

vasoactive and chemotactic mediators which contribute to the cardinal signs of inflammation

Question 5

steps of inflammatory response can be remembered as the 5 R’s

Answer 5

recognition of the injurious agent
recruitment of leukocytes
removal of the agent
regulation (control) of the response
resolution (or repair)

Question 6

what are the causes of inflammation

Answer 6

infections, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, trauma, and immune responses

Question 7

the outcome of acute inflammation is either

Answer 7

elimination of hte noxious stimulus followed by decline of the reaction and repair of the damaged tissue, or persistent injury resulting in chronic inflammation

Question 8

the four principal effects of inflammation were decribed by

Answer 8

Aulus Cornelius Celsus

Question 9

what are the 5 principles of inflammation

Answer 9

1. redness (rubor)
2. swelling (tumor)
3. heat (calor)
4. pain (dolor)
5. Loss of function (functio laesa); added by virchow

Question 10

redness

Answer 10

due to dilation of small blood vessels within damaged area (hyperemia)

Question 11

swelling (tumor)

Answer 11

results from edema, the accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space as part of the inflammatory fluid exudate, and to a much lesser extent, from the physical mass of the inflammatory cells migrating into the area

Question 12

heat (calor)

Answer 12

due to hyperemia through the region; felt on skin

Question 13

pain (dolor)

Answer 13

from stretching and distortion of tissues due to inflammatory edema and in part from some of the chemical mediators of acute inflammation, especially bradykinin and some of the prostaglandin

Question 14

loss of function (functio laesa)

Answer 14

movement of inflamed area is inhibited by pain, either consciously or bby reflexes, while severe swelling may physically immobilize the affected area

Question 15

inflammation is generally divided into what time frames

Answer 15

acute and chronic

Question 16

whole time from of inflammation

Answer 16

peracute, acute, subacute, chronic

Question 17

peracute

Answer 17

so fast you hardly even know it happened

Question 18

acute inflammation

Answer 18

short-lived, lasting only a few hours to a few days

Question 19

chronic

Answer 19

more than 2 weeks

Question 20

what is the hallmark of chronic inflammation

Answer 20

fibrous connective tissue (starts as granulation tissue) in the area of inflammation and or epitheliod macrophages (forming granulomas)

Question 21

fibrous connective tissue formation results in

Answer 21

organization or scarring

Question 22

the type of inflammation and outcomes are determined largely by

Answer 22

the type of pathogen and by characteristics of the host

Question 23

most viruses and bacteria cause _____ inflammatory response

Answer 23

acute

Question 24

fungi and parasites usually incite a _____ response

Answer 24

chronic

Question 25

examples of infectious causes of inflammation

Answer 25

x

Question 26

tissue necrosis elicits inflammtion regardless of the

Answer 26

cause of cell death

Question 27

causes of cell death may include

Answer 27

ischemia, trauma, and physcial and chemical injury

Question 28

examples of tissue necrosis

Answer 28

x

Question 29

immune reactions (hypersensitivity)

Answer 29

stimuli for inflammatory responses cannot be eliminated, autoimmune and allergic reactions tend to be persistent and difficult to cure, are often associated with chronic inflammation

Question 30

how many types are there?

Answer 30

x

Question 31

examples of inflammation caused by immune reactions

Answer 31

x

Question 32

effects of inflamation can be both

Answer 32

local and systemic

Question 33

systemic effects of acute inflammation include

Answer 33

fever, malaise, and leukocytosis

Question 34

local effects are usually

Answer 34

beneficial; but at other times may be harmful

Question 35

beneficial effects of inflammation

Answer 35

dilution of toxins entry of antibodies fibrin formation delivery of nutrients and oxygen stimulation of immune resonse

Question 36

harmful effects of inflammation

Answer 36

persistent cytokine release destruction of normal tissues swelling inappropriate inflammatory response

Question 37

leukocytosis

Answer 37

abnormally high number of circulating white blood cells;

Question 38

increased neutrophils indicate

Answer 38

bacterial infection

Question 39

increased lymphocytes indicate

Answer 39

viral infections

Question 40

fever is most associated with

Answer 40

infectious cause, although there are some non-infectious febrile diseases

Question 41

fever is coordinated by the ______

Answer 41

hypothalamus

Question 42

what are some contributions to fever

Answer 42

?????

Question 43

elevation of body temperature s thought to improve

Answer 43

efficiency of leukocyte killing and may also impair the replication of many invading organisms

Question 44

endotoxemia

Answer 44

sepsis due to circulating gram negative bacterial toxic products; some cell wall products releaeed from gram positive bacteria that can have a similar toxic effect