Exam 1: Inflammation Flashcards
what is inflammation
a beneficial host response to foreign challenge or tissue injury that leads ultimately to the restoration of tissue structure and function; inflammation is a beneficial host response to foreign invaders and necrotic tissue, but it may also cause tissue damage
inflammation is a reaction of the _____
microcirculation
inflammation is characterized by
movement of serum proteins, and leukocytes from the blood to the extravascular tissue
this movement is regulated by the sequential release of
vasoactive and chemotactic mediators which contribute to the cardinal signs of inflammation
steps of inflammatory response can be remembered as the 5 R’s
recognition of the injurious agent recruitment of leukocytes removal of the agent regulation (control) of the response resolution (or repair)
what are the causes of inflammation
infections, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, trauma, and immune responses
the outcome of acute inflammation is either
elimination of hte noxious stimulus followed by decline of the reaction and repair of the damaged tissue, or persistent injury resulting in chronic inflammation
the four principal effects of inflammation were decribed by
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
what are the 5 principles of inflammation
- redness (rubor)
- swelling (tumor)
- heat (calor)
- pain (dolor)
- Loss of function (functio laesa); added by virchow
redness
due to dilation of small blood vessels within damaged area (hyperemia)
swelling (tumor)
results from edema, the accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space as part of the inflammatory fluid exudate, and to a much lesser extent, from the physical mass of the inflammatory cells migrating into the area
heat (calor)
due to hyperemia through the region; felt on skin
pain (dolor)
from stretching and distortion of tissues due to inflammatory edema and in part from some of the chemical mediators of acute inflammation, especially bradykinin and some of the prostaglandin
loss of function (functio laesa)
movement of inflamed area is inhibited by pain, either consciously or bby reflexes, while severe swelling may physically immobilize the affected area
inflammation is generally divided into what time frames
acute and chronic
whole time from of inflammation
peracute, acute, subacute, chronic
peracute
so fast you hardly even know it happened
acute inflammation
short-lived, lasting only a few hours to a few days
chronic
more than 2 weeks
what is the hallmark of chronic inflammation
fibrous connective tissue (starts as granulation tissue) in the area of inflammation and or epitheliod macrophages (forming granulomas)
fibrous connective tissue formation results in
organization or scarring
the type of inflammation and outcomes are determined largely by
the type of pathogen and by characteristics of the host
most viruses and bacteria cause _____ inflammatory response
acute
fungi and parasites usually incite a _____ response
chronic
examples of infectious causes of inflammation
x
tissue necrosis elicits inflammtion regardless of the
cause of cell death
causes of cell death may include
ischemia, trauma, and physcial and chemical injury
examples of tissue necrosis
x
immune reactions (hypersensitivity)
stimuli for inflammatory responses cannot be eliminated, autoimmune and allergic reactions tend to be persistent and difficult to cure, are often associated with chronic inflammation
how many types are there?
x
examples of inflammation caused by immune reactions
x
effects of inflamation can be both
local and systemic
systemic effects of acute inflammation include
fever, malaise, and leukocytosis
local effects are usually
beneficial; but at other times may be harmful
beneficial effects of inflammation
dilution of toxins
entry of antibodies
fibrin formation
delivery of nutrients and oxygen stimulation of immune resonse
harmful effects of inflammation
persistent cytokine release
destruction of normal tissues
swelling
inappropriate inflammatory response
leukocytosis
abnormally high number of circulating white blood cells;
increased neutrophils indicate
bacterial infection
increased lymphocytes indicate
viral infections
fever is most associated with
infectious cause, although there are some non-infectious febrile diseases
fever is coordinated by the ______
hypothalamus
what are some contributions to fever
?????
elevation of body temperature s thought to improve
efficiency of leukocyte killing and may also impair the replication of many invading organisms
endotoxemia
sepsis due to circulating gram negative bacterial toxic products; some cell wall products releaeed from gram positive bacteria that can have a similar toxic effect
