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AUDE 5260 - Human and Neuroanatomy > More on Motor Pathways > Flashcards

More on Motor Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

When does degeneration happen?

A

After an injury

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2
Q

What is orthograde degeneration?

A

Axon is severed
Distal portion loses its source of nourishment an soon dies
Liberated calcium facilitates disintegration of the axon

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3
Q

Can there be regeneration following orthograde degeneration?

A

Yes
Schwann cells reorganize into schwann tubes for the regrowing nerve to follow

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4
Q

What is retrograde degeneration?

A

Cell body changes after the axon is severed
Loss of neurotrophic factors coming from the axon to the cell body
Soma becomes swollen
Nucleus moves to the periphery
Reorganization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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5
Q

What ultimately happens after retrograde degeneration?

A

Cell death

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6
Q

What are denervated muscles?

A

Muscles that are not getting stimulation

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7
Q

What are the 3 stages of denervated muscles?

A

Fasciculations
Fibrillations
denervation atrophy

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8
Q

What are fasciculations?

A

Twitches
Not connected to command center so cannot carry out full movement

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9
Q

What are fibrillations?

A

Small contractions that are unable to be seen from the surface

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10
Q

If the soma is not damaged, does the injured neuron begin to produce materials necessary for the reconstruction of the distal axon?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What happens during regeneration?

A

Increased protein synthesis
A growth cone forms on the proximal portion of the injured neuron
Neurites sprout from the cone and elongate
Neurite can follow schwann tube and grow to reach target
Regenerating neuron is attracted to the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle

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12
Q

T/F: Regeneration is more likely with a crushed axon than a severed one

A

True

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13
Q

What are the cortical motor areas?

A

Primary motor area, supplementary motor area, and premotor area

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14
Q

Where do the motor areas receive info from?

A

Cerebellum, basal ganglia, and peripheral sensory systems

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15
Q

What kind of info does the primary motor area give?

A

Gives most direct cortical control of the motor neurons

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16
Q

What kind of info does the premotor area give?

A

Gives what you need to know before the movement happens

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17
Q

What kind of info does the supplementary motor area give?

A

Facilitates coordinated motor acts
Only needed for complex movements

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18
Q

What structure forms a loop for completion of motor acts between movement, cognition, and emotion?

A

Basal ganglia (nuclei)

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19
Q

What does the loop consist of?

A

Projections from the cortex to basal ganglia , then projections from basal ganglia to thalamus and back to cortex

Some limbic connections to striatum (caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and putamen)

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20
Q

What is hyperkinetic?

A

Too much movement

21
Q

What is hypokinetic?

A

Too little movement

22
Q

What is chorea?

A

Series of nearly continuous, rapid, involuntary movements of face, tongue, and limbs that may resemble choreography

23
Q

What is athetosis?

A

“Without position”; slow, writhing movements, difficulty holding limb in fixed position

24
Q

What is ballismus?

A

“Jumping about”; wild flailing movements of one arm and leg

25
Q

What is dystonia?

A

Increased or abnormal tone in muscles resulting in fixed posture

26
Q

What is hypotonia?

A

Loss of muscle tone

27
Q

What is rigidity?

A

Tone increase in flexors and extensors

28
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

Decreased or slow movements

29
Q

What was huntington’s disease formerly called?

A

Huntington’s chorea because the movements resembled dancing

30
Q

What causes huntington’s disease?

A

Neuronal degeneration that is severe in the striatum and especially the caudate nucleus

Controls to motor movement is damaged

31
Q

When does huntington’s symptoms show up?

A

30-50 years old

32
Q

What changes due to huntington’s?

A

Involuntary movements (chorea) and alteration of mood or cognitive function

33
Q

Do movements become more pronounced with worsening dementia during huntington’s?

A

Yes

34
Q

Is huntington’s disease genetic?

A

Yes
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Chromosome 4 short arm identified
Many patients have started families before knowing they have the disease
Can do genetic testing

35
Q

Is parkinson’s disease hypokinetic or hyperkinetic?

A

Hypokinetic

36
Q

What is parkinson’s disease?

A

Biochemical disease of basal ganglia (evident in the substantia nigra cells that should produce dopamine and transport it to the striatum)

37
Q

What types of movement result from parkinson’s?

A

Bradykinesia - decreased spontaneity of movement
Resting tremor, goes away with voluntary movement
Rigidity or cog-wheel rigidity (tremor or brief relaxations and rigidity)

38
Q

What are treatments for parkinson’s disease?

A

L-dopa (chemical needed to produce dopamine)
Given in hopes that patients will make dopamine on their own

39
Q

Is there surgical treatment for parkinson’s?

A

Surgery to disrupt loop (last resort) and implantation of electrodes in the globus pallidus

40
Q

What type of cells does the cerebellum have?

A

Purkinje cells

41
Q

Is the cerebellum ipsilateral or contalateral?

A

Ipsilateral

42
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Involved in equilibrium, control of muscle tone, posture, and coordination of voluntary movements

43
Q

What inputs does that cerebellum receive?

A

Vestibular, spinal, and cortical

44
Q

Where does vestibular information go?

A

It goes through the juxtarestiform body to the nodulus

45
Q

What can damage to the cerebellum result in?

A

Changes in gait
Incoordination
Changes in muscle tone, reflexes, and coordination of voluntary movements ipsi to the site of lesion

46
Q

Do voluntary movements take longer to initiate with damage to the cerebellum?

A

Yes

47
Q

Do people with cerebellum damage have problems stopping or changing the direction of movement?

A

Yes

48
Q

Do corrective movements appear at intention tremor during voluntary movements?

A

Yes

49
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Difficulty with rapid alternating movements

AUDE 5260 - Human and Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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