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AUDE 5260 - Human and Neuroanatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Oxygenated blood, higher pressure

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1
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart
Low in oxygen, lower pressure

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2
Q

How many layers do arteries and veins have?

A

3

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3
Q

What is a lumen?

A

Blood vessel cavity

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4
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

Junction of blood vessels, like the circle of willis

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5
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Small arteries that attach to capillaries

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6
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange

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7
Q

What are venules?

A

Connect capillaries to veins

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8
Q

What do veins have that arteries don’t?

A

Valves, so things don’t move backwards

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9
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction phase of cardiac cycle

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9
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation phase of cardiac cycle

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10
Q

Where does the outer ear get the majority of it’s blood supply?

A

Posterior auricular artery (external carotid)
Anterior auricular arteries
Superficial temporal artery
Occipital artery

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11
Q

Where does the middle ear get its blood?

A

Occipital and/or posterior auricular artery
Deep auricular artery from the maxillary artery

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12
Q

Where does the inner ear get its blood supply?

A

Labyrinthine

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13
Q

What is blood?

A

Specialized connective tissue

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14
Q

What is blood made of?

A

Plasma (55%) and blood cells (45%)

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15
Q

What are the two types of blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes - red blood cells (95%)
Leukocytes - white blood cells

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16
Q

What do erythrocytes do?

A

Carry oxygen around

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17
Q

What do leukocytes do?

A

Immune system part of blood

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18
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A

Water, plasma proteins, and plasma solutes

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19
Q

What are some plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen

20
Q

What do plasma proteins do?

A

Chemicals bind to them and then get carried around to muscle or other site

21
Q

What are plasma solutes?

A

Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, enzymes, and hormones

22
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

Transport, regulate pH and temperature, clotting, protection against foreign microbes, osmosis

23
Q

Where are blood cells produces?

A

Red bone marrow

24
Q

Where are lymphocytes and monocytes produced?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

25
Q

What do blood cells develop from?

A

Stem cells

26
Q

What are platelets?

A

They clot blood
Prevent fluid loss when blood vessels are damaged

27
Q

What is the clotting mechanism?

A

Ruptured blood vessel attracts platelets
Cascade of processes and chemicals that finally leads to fibrin
Fibrin produces clotting

28
Q

What is a clot?

A

Fibrin forms long threads acting like a net with platelets enmeshed
plugs hone, eventually scabs

29
Q

What is syneresis?

A

Clot retraction

30
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

Dissolution of clot

31
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A

Unwanted clotting

32
Q

What is an embolus?

A

Circulating blood clot

33
Q

What is an infarction?

A

Tissues killed as a result of loss of blood supply

34
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Clumping of RBCs

35
Q

When does agglutination happen?

A

When blood groups mismatch during a bad blood transfusion

36
Q

What are the types of blood?

A

A, B, AB, O

37
Q

What antibodies does type A have?

A

Anti-B

38
Q

What antibodies does type B have?

A

Anti-A

39
Q

What antibodies does type AB have?

A

No antibodies

40
Q

What antibodies does type O have?

A

Anti-A and anti-B

41
Q

How many Rh antigens are there?

A

8

42
Q

Which antigen is the most important?

A

Antigen D

43
Q

What does Rh positive mean?

A

Antigen D and other Rh factors are on the RBC membrane

44
Q

What does Rh negative mean?

A

RBCs lack the antigens

45
Q

Why does a healthy cardiovascular system have a positive effect on hearing?

A

The tinier the arteries, the easier they are to clog
Might end up losing blood supply to the cochlea or vestibular system

46
Q

What syndrome should we look out for regarding cardiovascular health and hearing loss?

A

Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome

47
Q

What is Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome?

A

A long QT syndrome (too long btw Q and T on EKG)
Severe, bilateral SNHL
Cardiac muscles take longer to recharge between beats

48
Q

What other things have applications for audiology?

A

Dizziness, orthostatic hypertension, and POTS

49
Q

What is orthostatic hypertension?

A

Sudden drop in blood pressure when going from sitting and laying down to standing

AUDE 5260 - Human and Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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