Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What are arteries?
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Oxygenated blood, higher pressure
What are veins?
Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart
Low in oxygen, lower pressure
How many layers do arteries and veins have?
3
What is a lumen?
Blood vessel cavity
What is anastomosis?
Junction of blood vessels, like the circle of willis
What are arterioles?
Small arteries that attach to capillaries
What are capillaries?
Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange
What are venules?
Connect capillaries to veins
What do veins have that arteries don’t?
Valves, so things don’t move backwards
What is systole?
Contraction phase of cardiac cycle
What is diastole?
Relaxation phase of cardiac cycle
Where does the outer ear get the majority of it’s blood supply?
Posterior auricular artery (external carotid)
Anterior auricular arteries
Superficial temporal artery
Occipital artery
Where does the middle ear get its blood?
Occipital and/or posterior auricular artery
Deep auricular artery from the maxillary artery
Where does the inner ear get its blood supply?
Labyrinthine
What is blood?
Specialized connective tissue
What is blood made of?
Plasma (55%) and blood cells (45%)
What are the two types of blood cells?
Erythrocytes - red blood cells (95%)
Leukocytes - white blood cells
What do erythrocytes do?
Carry oxygen around
What do leukocytes do?
Immune system part of blood
What is the composition of plasma?
Water, plasma proteins, and plasma solutes
What are some plasma proteins?
Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen
What do plasma proteins do?
Chemicals bind to them and then get carried around to muscle or other site
What are plasma solutes?
Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, enzymes, and hormones
What is the function of blood?
Transport, regulate pH and temperature, clotting, protection against foreign microbes, osmosis
Where are blood cells produces?
Red bone marrow
Where are lymphocytes and monocytes produced?
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
What do blood cells develop from?
Stem cells
What are platelets?
They clot blood
Prevent fluid loss when blood vessels are damaged
What is the clotting mechanism?
Ruptured blood vessel attracts platelets
Cascade of processes and chemicals that finally leads to fibrin
Fibrin produces clotting
What is a clot?
Fibrin forms long threads acting like a net with platelets enmeshed
plugs hone, eventually scabs
What is syneresis?
Clot retraction
What is fibrinolysis?
Dissolution of clot
What is a thrombosis?
Unwanted clotting
What is an embolus?
Circulating blood clot
What is an infarction?
Tissues killed as a result of loss of blood supply
What is agglutination?
Clumping of RBCs
When does agglutination happen?
When blood groups mismatch during a bad blood transfusion
What are the types of blood?
A, B, AB, O
What antibodies does type A have?
Anti-B
What antibodies does type B have?
Anti-A
What antibodies does type AB have?
No antibodies
What antibodies does type O have?
Anti-A and anti-B
How many Rh antigens are there?
8
Which antigen is the most important?
Antigen D
What does Rh positive mean?
Antigen D and other Rh factors are on the RBC membrane
What does Rh negative mean?
RBCs lack the antigens
Why does a healthy cardiovascular system have a positive effect on hearing?
The tinier the arteries, the easier they are to clog
Might end up losing blood supply to the cochlea or vestibular system
What syndrome should we look out for regarding cardiovascular health and hearing loss?
Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome
What is Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome?
A long QT syndrome (too long btw Q and T on EKG)
Severe, bilateral SNHL
Cardiac muscles take longer to recharge between beats
What other things have applications for audiology?
Dizziness, orthostatic hypertension, and POTS
What is orthostatic hypertension?
Sudden drop in blood pressure when going from sitting and laying down to standing
