More microscopy - 2.3 (4)

Question 1

What can light emitted from other parts of the specimen do?

Answer 1

it would reduce the resolution and cause blurring

Question 2

What happens to this unwanted radiation?

Answer 2

it does not pass through the pinhole and is not detected

Question 3

What is used instead of light to get higher intensities?

Answer 3

a laser

Question 4

What does a laser improve?

Answer 4

the illumination

Question 5

How can very high resolution images be obtained?

Answer 5

through very thin sections of the specimen being examined and light from elsewhere being removed

Question 6

What is moved across the specimen?

Answer 6

the spot illuminating the specimen

Question 7

What is produced after the spot illuminating the specimen moved?

Answer 7

a two dimensional image is produced

Question 8

How can a three dimensional image be produced?

Answer 8

by creating images at different focal planes

Question 9

What is non-invasive?

Answer 9

laser scanning confocal microscopy

Question 10

What is laser scanning confocal microscopy currently used in?

Answer 10

the diagnosis of diseases of the eye

Question 11

What is laser scanning confocal microscopy also being used to develop the use for?

Answer 11

in endoscopic procedures

Question 12

What can laser scanning confocal microscopes also be used in the development of?

Answer 12

new drugs

Question 13

What does the future uses for advanced optical microscopy include?

Answer 13

virtual biopsies, particularly in cases of suspected skin cancer

Question 14

What is the beam splitter?

Answer 14

a dichroic mirror which only reflects one wavelength (from the laser) but allows other wavelengths to pass through

Question 15

What does the position of the two pinholes suggest?

Answer 15

the light waves from the laser follow the same path as the light waves radiated when the sample fluoresces

Question 16

Both pinholes will have the same…

Answer 16

focal plane, hence the term confocal

Question 17

By using antibodies with fluorescent tags, what can be targeted?

Answer 17

specific features

Question 18

It can also be studied by confocal microscopy with much more…

Answer 18

precision than using staining and light microscopy

Question 19

What is produced by the jelly fish Aequorea victoria?

Answer 19

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)

Question 20

What does the GFP emit?

Answer 20

bright green light when illuminated by ultraviolet light

Question 21

What have GFP molecules been engineered to do?

Answer 21

to fluoresce different colour

Question 22

What can be studied at the same time due to GFP molecules being engineered to fluoresce different colours?

Answer 22

different components of a specimen

Question 23

What has been isolated and can be attached to gene coding for proteins under investigations?

Answer 23

the gene for GFP

Question 24

What does fluorescence indicate?

Answer 24

that a protein is being made and is used to see where it goes within the cell or organism

Question 25

What has been modified to express this gene and fluoresce?

Answer 25

bacterial, fungal, plant, and, human cells

Question 26

What does the use of these fluorescing proteins provide?

Answer 26

a non-invasive technique to study the production and distribution of proteins in cells and organisms