Moral: Virtue: Voluntary action, choice, responsibility Flashcards

1
Q

We Appropriately _____ or ____ individuals for voluntary actions

A

We Appropriately praise or blame individuals for voluntary actions

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2
Q

What defines a voluntary action?

A

An action we know we are doing and bring about ourselves

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3
Q

Which two factors can make actions involuntary?

A
  • Force
  • Ignorance
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4
Q

What happens in an involuntary action due to force?

A

The cause is external, not the person

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5
Q

What is an example of an involuntary action due to ignorance?

A

Accidentally poisoning a friend due to lack of knowledge of their allergy

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6
Q

What can lead to a voluntary choice even in extreme circumstances?

A

Rational deliberation to avoid a greater evil

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7
Q

What is the difference between acting in ignorance and acting from ignorance?

A

Acting in ignorance is voluntary: acting from ignorance is involuntary

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8
Q

What characterizes an involuntary action from ignorance?

A

Lack of knowledge of circumstances and feeling of regret

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9
Q

What is Aristotle’s view on if bad actions are voluntary?

A

They are voluntary, as bad people mistakenly desire what is not desirable

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10
Q

According to Aristotle, why are bad people still responsible for their actions?

A

Their character is shaped by their choices

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11
Q

What is the role of deliberation in Aristotle’s concept of choice?

A

Deliberation involves reasoning about what we can change before making a choice

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: We can only be praised/blamed for _________ actions.

A

voluntary

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: In voluntary actions, we know what we are doing and we bring it about ___________.

A

ourselves

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: Force and __________ render actions involuntary.

A

ignorance

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15
Q

What motion will someone feel when they act involuntarily?

A

They do so with pain and regret

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16
Q

What is the significance of moral responsibility in Aristotle’s philosophy?

A

It hinges on the voluntariness of actions

17
Q

Do we deliberate about ends according to Aristotle?

A

No, we always deliberate about means to achieve further ends

18
Q

What does Clarence Darrow argue regarding responsibility?

A

We are not responsible for what we are due to genetic and environmental influences

19
Q

What is the case of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb about?

A

Two wealthy boys who committed crimes to prove their superiority

20
Q

According to Aristotle, why might someone argue that bad actions are not voluntary?

A

Because bad people act from ignorance of what is truly good