monera Flashcards
micro organism
small living things
microbiology
study of living things
capsule
further protection
plasmid
dna loop that contains genes responsible for bacterial resistance to antibiotics
chromosome
strand of dna
cytoplasm
gel material surrounding chromosome and ribosomes
flagella
allows movement
name the three round bacteria
pneumonia sore throat and food poisoning
name the three rod bacteria
tuberculosis tetanus and botulism
name the three spiral bacteria
syphilis and cholera
how do bacteria reproduce and describe the process
binary fission causes the chromosome to replicate and the cell elongates with one dna on either end and finally it splits into two cells
how do bacteria become antibiotic resistance
if a new variation is produced by a mutation it can be passed onto a large number of bacteria.
how do endospores form
when a chromosome replicates one of the strands becomes enclosed in a tough walled endospore in the parent cell. As the parent cell breaks down the endospore can remain dormant and can break down allowing the chromosome to replicate as normal
autotrophic
an organism makes its own food
chemosynthesis
production of food using energy released from chemical reactions
give an example of a bacteria that uses photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
purple sulfur bacteria and nitrifying bacteria
heterotrophic
an organism can take in food made by other organisms
saprophytes
organisms that take in food from dead organic matter
parasites
organisms that take in food from a live host and usually cause harm
name a parasitic and saprophytic bacteria
bacteria of decay and pneumonia
how does temperature affect the growth of the bacteria
most bacterias grow well at a round 20 to 30 degrees lower temperatures can slow the growth
aerobic bacteria
bacteria that need oxygen to respire and an example is streptococcus
anaerobic bacteria
bacteria that doesnt need oxygen to respire an example is clostridium
facultative anaerobes
can respire with or without oxygen examples include escherichia coli
obligate anaerobes
cannot respire in the presence of oxygen exmples include clostridium tetani
how does ph affect the growth of bacteria
bacterial enzymes are designed t work at specific ph values normally 7 however some can tolerate both high and low ph values
how does the external solute concentration affect the growth of bacteria
if the external solution has a higher solute concentration then water will move out causing possible dehydration
if the internal solution has a higher solute concentration the water will move in but the cell wall prevents bursting
how does pressure affect the growth of bacteria
growth of most bacteria is inhibited by high pressure but some bacteria can withstand high pressure
antibiotic
chemicals produced by micro organisms that stop the growth of or kill other microorganisms without damaging human tissue
pathogenic bacteria
bacteria that causes bacteria
how are antibiotics made
genetically engineered or isolated from fungi
what causes antibiotic resistance
mutations can cause antibiotic resistance. If all bacteria is killed by antibiotics and one antibiotic resistance bacteria is formed there is no competion for that bacteria
give an example of a multi resistant strain
mrsa
give two abuses of antibiotics
overuse of it causing antibiotic resistant bacteria
not completing the full treatment of antibiotics allows bacteria to survive and regrow
list the 5 phases of the bacterial growth curve
lag phase is when bacterial numbers are constant due to adaption to new environment
log phase is when there is a rapid increase in bacteria due to ideal conditions
stationary phase is when bacteria numbers remain constant due the rate of death and reproduction being the same and lack of food and space etc.
decline phase is when there is a rapid decline in the numbers of bacteria and the death rate is greater than the rate of reproduction
survival phase is a small number of bacteria survive by remaining dormant as spores
batch culture
the growth of cells in a sealed container or bioreactor over a short period of time and under ideal conditions until all the nutrients are used up
bioreactor
the vessel or container in which living cells or their products are used to make a product
continuous flow
food processing the growth of cells in an open container or bioreactor where nutrients are added and the end products are removed all the time at a rate that maintains the volume of the liquid and the number of cells.
