Molecular Biology (Lecture 11) Flashcards
What are nucleic acids composed of?
Nucleotides
What are the three component types of Nucleotides that make up DNA?
Phosphate Groups
Pentose Sugars
Nitrogenous Bases
What kind of Pentose Sugar are DNA and RNA made of?
Deoxyribose / Ribose
What Nitrogenous Bases comprise DNA and RNA?
Purines and Pyrimidines
What Purines comprise DNA and RNA?
Adenine and Guanine
What Pyrimidines comprise DNA and RNA?
Cytosine
DNA Only: Thymine
RNA Only: Uracil
In 1928, This individual changed the genotype and phenotype of a cell by assimilation of genetic material from an outside source. He studied the R Strain and the S Strain of Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
Frederick Griffith
In 1944, these three individuals repeated Griffith’s experiment using only heat-killed bacteria. They used purified elements found in cells (Such as Lipids, Protein, and Nucleic Acids) and independently added them to live cells in an attempt to find which chemical contained DNA.
Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin Macleod
In 1952, these individuals studied Bacteriophages. They used radioactive isotopes of sulfur to label different proteins within the Bacteriophages, this was an attempt to see what was injected into Bacteria to alter their state. DNA was discovered to be injected into the test Bacteria.
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
in 1947, this individual conducted a thorough study to find the chemical structure of DNA.
Erwin Chargaff
The amount of Adenine in a molecule of DNA is equal to the amount of Thymine, and the amount of Guanine in a molecule of DNA is equal to the amount of Cytosine. What is this known as?
Chargaff’s Rule
In a molecule of DNA, what does Adenine bond with?
Thymine
In a molecule of DNA, what does Thymine bond with?
Adenine
In a molecule of DNA, what does Guanine bond with?
Cytosine
In a molecule of DNA, what does Cytosine bond with?
Guanine
In a molecule of RNA, what does Uracil bond with?
Adenine
In a molecule of RNA, what does Uracil replace that would otherwise be present in a molecule of DNA?
Thymine
in 1952, these individuals used X-ray crystallography diffraction to determine the shape of DNA
Maurice Williams and Rosalind Franklin
in 1953, these individuals determined the true structure of DNA, winning a Nobel Prize for their work.
James Watson and Francis Crick
What are some of the biological properties of DNA?
- DNA carries information from generation to generation
- DNA has to copy itself accurately
- DNA sometimes mutates and mutations are copied accurately as well
- DNA must be translated and its information put into action
When does DNA Replication occur?
The Synthesis Period of any Interphase
Where does DNA replication occur?
Within the Nucleus of a Eukaryotic Cell
This enzyme untwists and “unzips” a DNA helix
Helicase
This enzyme builds new DNA nucleotides using a single strand DNA template
DNA Polymerase
During DNA replication both sides of the DNA instance are replicated differently. What is the name of the strand that is replicated continuously?
Leading Strand
During DNA replication both sides of the DNA instance are replicated differently. What is the name of the strand that is replicated discontinuously?
Lagging Strand
What are the DNA fragments produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication called?
Okazaki fragments
What enzyme removes damaged DNA?
Nuclease
What enzyme pieces together repaired regions of DNA to the correct existing region?
DNA Ligase
What enzyme is responsible for building new DNA to repair mistakes?
DNA Polymerase
The flow of genetic material in a eukaryotic cell.
DNA –> RNA –> Protein
The Central Dogma
The production of RNA from a single strand DNA template, occurring in the Nucleus
Transcription
The production of protein from a messenger RNA strand, occurring in Ribosomes
Translation
During the Transcription phase, what is DNA transcribed into?
RNA
Enzyme that produces new RNA nucleotides from a single stranded DNA template
RNA Polymerase
What are RNA codons built from?
DNA codons
A sequence of three consecutive base nucleotides containing a single instance of information for later production of proteins
Codon
Term used to describe where Transcription begins, located at a promoter region of DNA, also known as a TATA box
Initiation
Term used to describe Transcription of everything after the TATA box
Elongation
An terminator sequence of DNA stops transcription
Termination
RNA that is ultimately translated and results in the production of protein
mRNA / Messenger RNA
RNA that carries an amino acid to be used in the building of protein
tRNA / Transfer RNA
A structural RNA that comprises the ribosome
rRNA / Ribosomal RNA
During the Translation phase, what is RNA translated into?
Proteins
Where does mRNA go after leaving the nucleus?
A Ribosome
What does each mRNA codon code for the production of?
A singular amino acid
What carries each amino acid to an anticodon complementary to the mRNA codons?
tRNA
This part of a Ribosome accepts new tRNA molecules which delivers a new amino acid
A Site
This part of a Ribosome holds tRNA molecules that have growing chains of amino acids
P Site
This part of a Ribosome is an exit site that releases previously used tRNA molecules
E Site
What is the start codon that initiates translation?
AUG
What are the three stop codons that terminate translation and allow for the release of completed proteins?
UGA, UAG, UAA
What tool indicates which amino acids result from each mRNA codon?
Genetic Code Table
Chains of Ribosomes that allow for the swift production of numerous protein molecules
Polyribosomes
The name of a mutation at a specific point on a DNA molecule.
Point Mutations
If a codon is altered and does not change the amino acid, this is known as:
A Silent Mutation
If a codon is altered and changes the amino acid into a different protein than intended, this is known as:
A Missense Mutation
If a codon is altered and this causes the protein production to stop, caused by a premature termination codon, and no protein is produced from the translation process, this is known as:
A Nonsense Mutation
A mutation that alters the complete base sequence that follows the mutation on a molecule of DNA. This can have devastating consequences.
Frame Shift Mutation
Frame Shift Mutations can have two forms. This form is an addition of a base, shifting the reading from to the right.
Base Addition
Frame Shift Mutations can have two forms. This form is a deletion of a base, shifting the entire frame to the left.
Base Deletion
Which is more harmful, a Point Mutation or a Frame Shift Mutation?
Frame Shift Mutation
