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Biology > Molecular Biology (Lecture 11) > Flashcards

Molecular Biology (Lecture 11) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nucleic acids composed of?

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

What are the three component types of Nucleotides that make up DNA?

A

Phosphate Groups
Pentose Sugars
Nitrogenous Bases

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3
Q

What kind of Pentose Sugar are DNA and RNA made of?

A

Deoxyribose / Ribose

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4
Q

What Nitrogenous Bases comprise DNA and RNA?

A

Purines and Pyrimidines

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5
Q

What Purines comprise DNA and RNA?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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6
Q

What Pyrimidines comprise DNA and RNA?

A

Cytosine
DNA Only: Thymine
RNA Only: Uracil

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7
Q

In 1928, This individual changed the genotype and phenotype of a cell by assimilation of genetic material from an outside source. He studied the R Strain and the S Strain of Streptococcus Pneumoniae.

A

Frederick Griffith

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8
Q

In 1944, these three individuals repeated Griffith’s experiment using only heat-killed bacteria. They used purified elements found in cells (Such as Lipids, Protein, and Nucleic Acids) and independently added them to live cells in an attempt to find which chemical contained DNA.

A

Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin Macleod

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9
Q

In 1952, these individuals studied Bacteriophages. They used radioactive isotopes of sulfur to label different proteins within the Bacteriophages, this was an attempt to see what was injected into Bacteria to alter their state. DNA was discovered to be injected into the test Bacteria.

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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10
Q

in 1947, this individual conducted a thorough study to find the chemical structure of DNA.

A

Erwin Chargaff

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11
Q

The amount of Adenine in a molecule of DNA is equal to the amount of Thymine, and the amount of Guanine in a molecule of DNA is equal to the amount of Cytosine. What is this known as?

A

Chargaff’s Rule

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12
Q

In a molecule of DNA, what does Adenine bond with?

A

Thymine

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13
Q

In a molecule of DNA, what does Thymine bond with?

A

Adenine

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14
Q

In a molecule of DNA, what does Guanine bond with?

A

Cytosine

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15
Q

In a molecule of DNA, what does Cytosine bond with?

A

Guanine

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16
Q

In a molecule of RNA, what does Uracil bond with?

A

Adenine

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17
Q

In a molecule of RNA, what does Uracil replace that would otherwise be present in a molecule of DNA?

A

Thymine

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18
Q

in 1952, these individuals used X-ray crystallography diffraction to determine the shape of DNA

A

Maurice Williams and Rosalind Franklin

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19
Q

in 1953, these individuals determined the true structure of DNA, winning a Nobel Prize for their work.

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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20
Q

What are some of the biological properties of DNA?

A
  1. DNA carries information from generation to generation
  2. DNA has to copy itself accurately
  3. DNA sometimes mutates and mutations are copied accurately as well
  4. DNA must be translated and its information put into action
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21
Q

When does DNA Replication occur?

A

The Synthesis Period of any Interphase

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22
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

Within the Nucleus of a Eukaryotic Cell

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23
Q

This enzyme untwists and “unzips” a DNA helix

A

Helicase

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24
Q

This enzyme builds new DNA nucleotides using a single strand DNA template

A

DNA Polymerase

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25
Q

During DNA replication both sides of the DNA instance are replicated differently. What is the name of the strand that is replicated continuously?

A

Leading Strand

26
Q

During DNA replication both sides of the DNA instance are replicated differently. What is the name of the strand that is replicated discontinuously?

A

Lagging Strand

27
Q

What are the DNA fragments produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication called?

A

Okazaki fragments

28
Q

What enzyme removes damaged DNA?

A

Nuclease

29
Q

What enzyme pieces together repaired regions of DNA to the correct existing region?

A

DNA Ligase

30
Q

What enzyme is responsible for building new DNA to repair mistakes?

A

DNA Polymerase

31
Q

The flow of genetic material in a eukaryotic cell.

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

A

The Central Dogma

32
Q

The production of RNA from a single strand DNA template, occurring in the Nucleus

A

Transcription

33
Q

The production of protein from a messenger RNA strand, occurring in Ribosomes

A

Translation

34
Q

During the Transcription phase, what is DNA transcribed into?

A

RNA

35
Q

Enzyme that produces new RNA nucleotides from a single stranded DNA template

A

RNA Polymerase

36
Q

What are RNA codons built from?

A

DNA codons

37
Q

A sequence of three consecutive base nucleotides containing a single instance of information for later production of proteins

A

Codon

38
Q

Term used to describe where Transcription begins, located at a promoter region of DNA, also known as a TATA box

A

Initiation

39
Q

Term used to describe Transcription of everything after the TATA box

A

Elongation

40
Q

An terminator sequence of DNA stops transcription

A

Termination

41
Q

RNA that is ultimately translated and results in the production of protein

A

mRNA / Messenger RNA

42
Q

RNA that carries an amino acid to be used in the building of protein

A

tRNA / Transfer RNA

43
Q

A structural RNA that comprises the ribosome

A

rRNA / Ribosomal RNA

44
Q

During the Translation phase, what is RNA translated into?

A

Proteins

45
Q

Where does mRNA go after leaving the nucleus?

A

A Ribosome

46
Q

What does each mRNA codon code for the production of?

A

A singular amino acid

47
Q

What carries each amino acid to an anticodon complementary to the mRNA codons?

A

tRNA

48
Q

This part of a Ribosome accepts new tRNA molecules which delivers a new amino acid

A

A Site

49
Q

This part of a Ribosome holds tRNA molecules that have growing chains of amino acids

A

P Site

50
Q

This part of a Ribosome is an exit site that releases previously used tRNA molecules

A

E Site

51
Q

What is the start codon that initiates translation?

A

AUG

52
Q

What are the three stop codons that terminate translation and allow for the release of completed proteins?

A

UGA, UAG, UAA

53
Q

What tool indicates which amino acids result from each mRNA codon?

A

Genetic Code Table

54
Q

Chains of Ribosomes that allow for the swift production of numerous protein molecules

A

Polyribosomes

55
Q

The name of a mutation at a specific point on a DNA molecule.

A

Point Mutations

56
Q

If a codon is altered and does not change the amino acid, this is known as:

A

A Silent Mutation

57
Q

If a codon is altered and changes the amino acid into a different protein than intended, this is known as:

A

A Missense Mutation

58
Q

If a codon is altered and this causes the protein production to stop, caused by a premature termination codon, and no protein is produced from the translation process, this is known as:

A

A Nonsense Mutation

59
Q

A mutation that alters the complete base sequence that follows the mutation on a molecule of DNA. This can have devastating consequences.

A

Frame Shift Mutation

60
Q

Frame Shift Mutations can have two forms. This form is an addition of a base, shifting the reading from to the right.

A

Base Addition

61
Q

Frame Shift Mutations can have two forms. This form is a deletion of a base, shifting the entire frame to the left.

A

Base Deletion

62
Q

Which is more harmful, a Point Mutation or a Frame Shift Mutation?

A

Frame Shift Mutation

Biology (25 decks)

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