Enzymes / Cellular Respiration (Lecture 6) Flashcards
The sum of all chemical reactions occurring within a cell or organism
Metabolism
reactions that involve the breaking down of molecules
Catabolism (Catabolic reactions)
Reactions that involve the building of molecules
Anabolism (Anabolic Reactions)
Reactions that yield more energy than what is required
Exergonic Reactions
Reactions that require more energy than what is yielded
Endergonic Reactions
Regulatory proteins that regulate all metabolic reactions
Enzymes
A substance that speeds up reactions
Catalyst
The amount of energy necessary to start a reactions
Activation Energy
Reactants that are acted upon by an enzyme
Substrates
Where do Substrates bind to on an Enzyme?
The Active Site
An INORGANIC mineral or metal that attaches to an enzyme and allows it to accept a substrate
Cofactor
ORGANIC vitamins that attach to an enzyme and allow it to accept substrate
Coenzymes
The process that stops an enzyme from working temporarily
Enzyme Inhibition
A molecule that binds to THE ACTIVE SITE of an enzyme and prevents the normal substrate from binding
Competitive inhibition
A molecule that binds to an enzyme at a spot OTHER THAN the active site and indirectly prevents the normal substrate from binding
Noncompetitive inhibition
Factors affecting enzyme activity (Hint: T-S-E-S-T-P)
Time
Substrate Specificity
Enzyme Concentration
Substrate Concentration
Temperature
pH
Which Law of Thermodynamics is as follows?
Law of Energy conservation
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed
Energy can be transferred or transformed
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Which Law of Thermodynamics is as follows?
Energy Transformation increases universal entropy
Sunlight is the ultimate source of energy in the universe
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The energy of motion. Energy, including light and heat, that is released when work is being performed.
Kinetic Energy
Stored energy. Energy, including glucose and ATP, possessed by an object at rest.
Potential Energy
Abbreviation for Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP
The breaking down of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, which yields free energy
Hydrolysis of ATP
The addition of the phosphate group to a molecule after its removal from another
Phosphorylation
This type of Cellular Respiration utilizes Oxygen
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
This type of Cellular Respiration DOES NOT utilize Oxygen
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
How many NET ATP molecules does Aerobic Cellular Respiration produce?
36 Net ATP molecules
How many NET ATP molecules does Anaerobic Cellular Respiration produce?
2 Net ATP Molecules
What is Redox Reactions short for?
Reduction-Oxidation reactions
Reactions in which electrons are moved from one molecule to another
Redox Reactions
The act of a molecule gaining electrons during a reaction
Reduction
The act of a molecule losing electrons during a reaction
Oxidation
The splitting of a glucose molecule into 2 pyruvates
Glycolysis
Where does Glycolysis occur?
In the Cytoplasm
How much ATP does Glycolysis utilize?
2 ATP
How many ATP does Glycolysis produce? What is the net gain?
Gross ATP: 4
Net ATP: 2
A temporary electron carrier
NADH
What does NADH exist as before receiving electrons?
NAD+
Conversion of 2 Pyruvates into 2 Acetyl CoA Molecules
Bridge Reaction
Where does the Bridge Reaction occur?
Across the Mitochondrial Envelope into the Matrix
What does the Bridge Reaction utilize?
2 Pyruvates and 2 Acetyl CoA
What does the Bridge Reaction Produce?
2 Co2 and 2 NADH
How much ATP does the Bridge Reaction produce?
None. It is the only in Cellular Respiration step that does not produce ATP.
How much Acetyl CoA is required to start Kreb’s Cycle a single time?
One Acetyl CoA
Where does Kreb’s Cycle occur?
In the Mitochondrial Matrix
What products does a single Kreb’s Cycle Produce?
3 NADH
2 CO2
1 ATP
1 FADH2
Electron Carriers arriving in the Cristae and releasing their electrons
Electron Transport Chain
Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
Along the Cristae
What do NADH and FADH2 release during the Electron Transport Chain?
Their Electrons
A series of integral proteins in the inner membrane associated with the release of electrons during the Electron Transport Chain
Cytochrome Complex
What accepts the electrons during the Electron Transport Chain?
Oxygen
Where does Anaerobic Cellular Respiration occur?
In the Cytoplasm, exclusively
What are the two steps of Anaerobic Cellular Respiration?
Glycolysis and Fermentation
The process of splitting one Glucose into 2 Pyruvates
Glycolysis
The process of converting 2 Pyruvates into 2 Ethanol Molecules
Alcohol Fermentation
How much CO2 does Alcohol Fermentation produce?
2 CO2 Molecules
The process by which 2 Pyruvates are converted to 2 Lactate molecules
Lactic Acid Fermentation
