Evolution and Diversity of Life (Lecture 12) Flashcards
This major event happened approximately 4.6 BYA and is the earliest event documented here.
Formation of the Earth
This major event happened approximately 3.5 BYA
Origin of Prokaryotes
This major event happened approximately 1.8 BYA
Origin of Single-Celled Eukaryotes
This major event happened approximately 1.5 BYA
Origin of Multicellular Eukaryotes
This major event happened approximately 650 MYA
The emergence of the earliest animals
This major event happened approximately 500 MYA
Colonization of Land by the earliest animals
This major event happened approximately 1.8 MYA
Arrival of the earliest Humans
This section of Pangea broke off into North America and Eurasia
Laurasia
This section of Pangea broke into South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica
Gondwana
This occurs when global environmental changes are rapid and disruptive, leading to most species being swept away in a relatively short amount of time.
Mass Extinctions
How many Mass Extinctions have occurred over the last 500 million years that we are aware of?
5 Mass Extinctions
This mass extinction, caused enormous volcanic eruptions in present day Siberia, claimed about 96% of marine animal species.
Permian Extinction
This mass extinction, caused be a large asteroid landing near the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, wiped out half of all marine species at the time and nearly all dinosaurs.
Cretaceous Extinction
In Biological Classification, how many Kingdoms and Domains are there?
5 Kingdoms
3 Domains
What are the 3 Domains?
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
What are the 5 Kingdoms?
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms describes what Kingdom?
Monera
Eukaryotic, unicellular/multicellular, and very diverse describes what Kingdom?
Protista
Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, decomposers describes what Kingdom?
Fungi
Eukaryotic, autotrophic, and photosynthetic describes what Kingdom?
Plantae
Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and motile describes what Kingdom?
Animalia
Coccus describes what shape of bacteria?
Spherical
Bacillus describes what shape of bacteria?
Rod-shaped
Spiral describes what shape of bacteria?
Long and curved
This type of Spiral bacteria is comma shaped
Vibro
This type of Spiral bacteria has rigid twists
Spirilla
This type of Spiral bacteria is cork-screw shaped
Spirochete
This term is used to describe 2 bacterial cells attached to each other.
Diplo
This term is used to describe 4 bacterial cells attached to each other
Tetrad
A chain of attached bacterial cells
Strepto
A grapelike cluster of attached bacterial cells
Staphylo
What are the cells walls composed of lifeforms in the Kingdom Monera?
Peptidoglycan
What color does a Gram Positive, thicker cell wall stain?
Purple
What color does a Gram Negative, thinner cell wall stain?
Red
This is the theorized origin of Eukaryotic cells, and is when Prokaryotic cells establish residence within larger cells.
Endosymbiosis
How many species are included in Kingdom Protista?
Approx. 60,000 species
This subgroup of Protista are autotrophic plant like protists, some being unicellular, others being multicellular.
Algae
This subgroup of Protista are heterotrophic fungal-like protists
Slime Molds
This subgroup of Protista are heterotrophic animal like protists
Protozoans
How many species exist in Kingdom Fungi?
Approx. 100,000 species
This part of the a fungus are fungal filamentous cells
Hyphae
This part of the a fungus are collective arrangement of Hyphae
Mycelium
This part of the a fungus are root-like anchors
Rhizoids
What is the cell wall made of in organisms in Kingdom Fungi?
Chitin
Strong, flexible, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide
Chitin
This term describes organisms that feed on other living organisms
Parasite
This term describes organisms that feed on dead/non-living organic matter
Saprophytes
This is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots in which fungal hyphae penetrate or surround plants root cells
Mycorrhizae
What adaptions did members of Kingdom Plantae make to survive on land?
(Hint: C-S-RS-VT)
Cuticle
Stomata
Root System
Vascular Tissue
This symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae/cyanobacteria are pioneers on new land require very little or no soil
Lichen
This part of plant vascular tissue transports water and small minerals
Xylem
This part of plant vascular tissue transports organic solutes (Sugars)
Phloem
This term describes the male multicellular sex organ that produces sperm
Antherdium
This term describes the female multicellular sex organ that produces eggs
Archegonium
Does moss have vascular tissue?
No
What does moss have in place of a true root system?
Rhizoids
What is located in the green, leafy portion of moss?
Antheridia or Archegonia
How does moss reproduce?
Through spores
How do Ferns reproduce?
Through spores
Where are the spores located on a Fern?
Underneath the leaf in the Sori
These seedless vascular plants were the first plants to develop true roots
Ferns
This tiny, microscopic structure on a fern contains antheridia, archegonia, and rhizoids
Prothallus
Pine, Spruces, Hemlocks, Junipers, and Firs all belong to what subgroup of Kingdom Plantae?
Conifers
What does the name Conifer mean?
“Cone Bearing”
What does it mean for seeds to be “naked”?
The seeds are unprotected by fruit
These cones, produced by Conifers, produce pollen grains that carry non-flagellated sperm.
Pollen Cones
These cones, produced by Conifers, produce ovules that house eggs (Which become a seed after fertilization)
Ovulate Cones
How do Conifers pollinate?
By wind
Deciduous trees, most shrubs, grasses, palms, and bedding plants belong to what subgroup of Kingdom Plantae?
Flowering Plants (Anthophytes)
Do Anthophytes have naked seeds?
No, their seeds are protected by fruit
What is the reproductive structure of Anthophytes?
Flowers
Why are flowers brightly colored?
To attract pollinators
What is the male portion of the flower called?
Stamen
What section of a Stamen collects and stores pollen grains?
Anther
What is the female portion of the flower called?
Pistil
This part of the Pistil is the sticky top of the carpel meant to trap pollen
Stigma
This part of the Pistil is the stalk of the carpel
Style
This part of the Pistil is at the base of the carpel, it is enlarged, and contains ovules
Ovary
What does it mean to be Heterotrophic?
To obtain nutrients through ingestion
This terms refers to body parts radiating from the center of the body, resulting in multiple even cuts in dissection.
Radial Symmetry
This term refers to a body having a mirror-image of the right and left side, resulting in only one even cut in dissection
Bilateral Symmetry
This term refers to the first opening during embryonic development forming to become the mouth
Protostome
This term refers to the first opening during embryonic development forming to become the anus
Deuterostome
This section of an animal helps protect suspended organs from injury
Body Cavity
This term refers to animals that lack an internal skeleton made of bone
Invertebrates
This invertebrate has no body symmetry, is a suspension feeder, and is sessile.
Sponges
This invertebrate has radial symmetry, two different forms (Polyp and Medusa), and are Cnidocytes
Cnidarians
This invertebrate has bilateral symmetry. Some of them are free-living and others are parasites.
Flatworms
This invertebrate has bilateral symmetry, a fluid filled body cavity, a cuticle for protection, and are sometimes parasitic.
Nematoads (Round Worms)
This invertebrate is soft-bodied. While not all have a hard shell, most do, and all have a mantle from which a hard shell was once secreted during a previous evolutionary phase.
Mollusks
This invertebrate has body segmentation and bilateral symmetry
Annelids (Segmented worms)
This invertebrate has bilateral symmetry, jointed appendages, and grows by molting an exoskeleton
Arthropods
This invertebrate has radial symmetry as adults, are Deuterostomes, have spiny skin, and a water based vascular system
Echinoderms
This term refers to animals that have an internal skeleton made of bone
Vertebrates
These vertebrates have a hollow nerve cord on their dorsal, and at one point will have the following:
1. A Notochord
2. Pharyngeal Slits
3. A Post-Anal tail
Chordates