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Biology > Evolution and Diversity of Life (Lecture 12) > Flashcards

Evolution and Diversity of Life (Lecture 12) Flashcards

1
Q

This major event happened approximately 4.6 BYA and is the earliest event documented here.

A

Formation of the Earth

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2
Q

This major event happened approximately 3.5 BYA

A

Origin of Prokaryotes

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3
Q

This major event happened approximately 1.8 BYA

A

Origin of Single-Celled Eukaryotes

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4
Q

This major event happened approximately 1.5 BYA

A

Origin of Multicellular Eukaryotes

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5
Q

This major event happened approximately 650 MYA

A

The emergence of the earliest animals

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6
Q

This major event happened approximately 500 MYA

A

Colonization of Land by the earliest animals

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7
Q

This major event happened approximately 1.8 MYA

A

Arrival of the earliest Humans

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8
Q

This section of Pangea broke off into North America and Eurasia

A

Laurasia

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9
Q

This section of Pangea broke into South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica

A

Gondwana

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10
Q

This occurs when global environmental changes are rapid and disruptive, leading to most species being swept away in a relatively short amount of time.

A

Mass Extinctions

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11
Q

How many Mass Extinctions have occurred over the last 500 million years that we are aware of?

A

5 Mass Extinctions

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12
Q

This mass extinction, caused enormous volcanic eruptions in present day Siberia, claimed about 96% of marine animal species.

A

Permian Extinction

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13
Q

This mass extinction, caused be a large asteroid landing near the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, wiped out half of all marine species at the time and nearly all dinosaurs.

A

Cretaceous Extinction

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14
Q

In Biological Classification, how many Kingdoms and Domains are there?

A

5 Kingdoms
3 Domains

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15
Q

What are the 3 Domains?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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16
Q

What are the 5 Kingdoms?

A

Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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17
Q

Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms describes what Kingdom?

A

Monera

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18
Q

Eukaryotic, unicellular/multicellular, and very diverse describes what Kingdom?

A

Protista

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19
Q

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, decomposers describes what Kingdom?

A

Fungi

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20
Q

Eukaryotic, autotrophic, and photosynthetic describes what Kingdom?

A

Plantae

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21
Q

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and motile describes what Kingdom?

A

Animalia

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22
Q

Coccus describes what shape of bacteria?

A

Spherical

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23
Q

Bacillus describes what shape of bacteria?

A

Rod-shaped

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24
Q

Spiral describes what shape of bacteria?

A

Long and curved

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25
Q

This type of Spiral bacteria is comma shaped

A

Vibro

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26
Q

This type of Spiral bacteria has rigid twists

A

Spirilla

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27
Q

This type of Spiral bacteria is cork-screw shaped

A

Spirochete

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28
Q

This term is used to describe 2 bacterial cells attached to each other.

A

Diplo

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29
Q

This term is used to describe 4 bacterial cells attached to each other

A

Tetrad

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30
Q

A chain of attached bacterial cells

A

Strepto

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31
Q

A grapelike cluster of attached bacterial cells

A

Staphylo

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32
Q

What are the cells walls composed of lifeforms in the Kingdom Monera?

A

Peptidoglycan

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33
Q

What color does a Gram Positive, thicker cell wall stain?

A

Purple

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34
Q

What color does a Gram Negative, thinner cell wall stain?

A

Red

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35
Q

This is the theorized origin of Eukaryotic cells, and is when Prokaryotic cells establish residence within larger cells.

A

Endosymbiosis

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36
Q

How many species are included in Kingdom Protista?

A

Approx. 60,000 species

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37
Q

This subgroup of Protista are autotrophic plant like protists, some being unicellular, others being multicellular.

A

Algae

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38
Q

This subgroup of Protista are heterotrophic fungal-like protists

A

Slime Molds

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39
Q

This subgroup of Protista are heterotrophic animal like protists

A

Protozoans

40
Q

How many species exist in Kingdom Fungi?

A

Approx. 100,000 species

41
Q

This part of the a fungus are fungal filamentous cells

A

Hyphae

42
Q

This part of the a fungus are collective arrangement of Hyphae

A

Mycelium

43
Q

This part of the a fungus are root-like anchors

A

Rhizoids

44
Q

What is the cell wall made of in organisms in Kingdom Fungi?

A

Chitin

45
Q

Strong, flexible, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide

A

Chitin

46
Q

This term describes organisms that feed on other living organisms

A

Parasite

47
Q

This term describes organisms that feed on dead/non-living organic matter

A

Saprophytes

48
Q

This is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots in which fungal hyphae penetrate or surround plants root cells

A

Mycorrhizae

49
Q

What adaptions did members of Kingdom Plantae make to survive on land?

(Hint: C-S-RS-VT)

A

Cuticle
Stomata
Root System
Vascular Tissue

49
Q

This symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae/cyanobacteria are pioneers on new land require very little or no soil

A

Lichen

50
Q

This part of plant vascular tissue transports water and small minerals

A

Xylem

51
Q

This part of plant vascular tissue transports organic solutes (Sugars)

A

Phloem

52
Q

This term describes the male multicellular sex organ that produces sperm

A

Antherdium

53
Q

This term describes the female multicellular sex organ that produces eggs

A

Archegonium

54
Q

Does moss have vascular tissue?

A

No

55
Q

What does moss have in place of a true root system?

A

Rhizoids

56
Q

What is located in the green, leafy portion of moss?

A

Antheridia or Archegonia

57
Q

How does moss reproduce?

A

Through spores

58
Q

How do Ferns reproduce?

A

Through spores

59
Q

Where are the spores located on a Fern?

A

Underneath the leaf in the Sori

60
Q

These seedless vascular plants were the first plants to develop true roots

A

Ferns

61
Q

This tiny, microscopic structure on a fern contains antheridia, archegonia, and rhizoids

A

Prothallus

62
Q

Pine, Spruces, Hemlocks, Junipers, and Firs all belong to what subgroup of Kingdom Plantae?

A

Conifers

63
Q

What does the name Conifer mean?

A

“Cone Bearing”

64
Q

What does it mean for seeds to be “naked”?

A

The seeds are unprotected by fruit

65
Q

These cones, produced by Conifers, produce pollen grains that carry non-flagellated sperm.

A

Pollen Cones

66
Q

These cones, produced by Conifers, produce ovules that house eggs (Which become a seed after fertilization)

A

Ovulate Cones

67
Q

How do Conifers pollinate?

A

By wind

68
Q

Deciduous trees, most shrubs, grasses, palms, and bedding plants belong to what subgroup of Kingdom Plantae?

A

Flowering Plants (Anthophytes)

69
Q

Do Anthophytes have naked seeds?

A

No, their seeds are protected by fruit

70
Q

What is the reproductive structure of Anthophytes?

A

Flowers

71
Q

Why are flowers brightly colored?

A

To attract pollinators

72
Q

What is the male portion of the flower called?

A

Stamen

73
Q

What section of a Stamen collects and stores pollen grains?

A

Anther

74
Q

What is the female portion of the flower called?

A

Pistil

75
Q

This part of the Pistil is the sticky top of the carpel meant to trap pollen

A

Stigma

76
Q

This part of the Pistil is the stalk of the carpel

A

Style

77
Q

This part of the Pistil is at the base of the carpel, it is enlarged, and contains ovules

A

Ovary

78
Q

What does it mean to be Heterotrophic?

A

To obtain nutrients through ingestion

79
Q

This terms refers to body parts radiating from the center of the body, resulting in multiple even cuts in dissection.

A

Radial Symmetry

80
Q

This term refers to a body having a mirror-image of the right and left side, resulting in only one even cut in dissection

A

Bilateral Symmetry

81
Q

This term refers to the first opening during embryonic development forming to become the mouth

A

Protostome

82
Q

This term refers to the first opening during embryonic development forming to become the anus

A

Deuterostome

83
Q

This section of an animal helps protect suspended organs from injury

A

Body Cavity

84
Q

This term refers to animals that lack an internal skeleton made of bone

A

Invertebrates

85
Q

This invertebrate has no body symmetry, is a suspension feeder, and is sessile.

A

Sponges

86
Q

This invertebrate has radial symmetry, two different forms (Polyp and Medusa), and are Cnidocytes

A

Cnidarians

87
Q

This invertebrate has bilateral symmetry. Some of them are free-living and others are parasites.

A

Flatworms

88
Q

This invertebrate has bilateral symmetry, a fluid filled body cavity, a cuticle for protection, and are sometimes parasitic.

A

Nematoads (Round Worms)

89
Q

This invertebrate is soft-bodied. While not all have a hard shell, most do, and all have a mantle from which a hard shell was once secreted during a previous evolutionary phase.

A

Mollusks

90
Q

This invertebrate has body segmentation and bilateral symmetry

A

Annelids (Segmented worms)

91
Q

This invertebrate has bilateral symmetry, jointed appendages, and grows by molting an exoskeleton

A

Arthropods

92
Q

This invertebrate has radial symmetry as adults, are Deuterostomes, have spiny skin, and a water based vascular system

A

Echinoderms

93
Q

This term refers to animals that have an internal skeleton made of bone

A

Vertebrates

94
Q

These vertebrates have a hollow nerve cord on their dorsal, and at one point will have the following:
1. A Notochord
2. Pharyngeal Slits
3. A Post-Anal tail

A

Chordates

Biology (25 decks)

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