Cell Structure and Function (Lecture 4) Flashcards
Who first coined the term “Cell” by looking at sections of cork tissue under a magnifying glass?
Robert Hook
Who invented the first microscope and viewed pond water under it, calling the creatures he saw in it “animalcules”?
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
What are all organisms comprised of?
Cells
Where do all cells arise from?
Pre-existing Cells
How large are Prokaryotic Cells?
1-10 Micrometers
How large are Eukaryotic Cells?
10-100 Micrometers
What is the region of the Cytoplasm that unbound DNA is located in in Prokaryotic Cells?
The Nucleoid Region of the Cytoplasm
The phospholipid bilayer that regulates what moves in and out of a cell
Cell Membrane
What is the cell wall made out of in Prokaryotic Cells?
Peptidoglycan
This is the jelly like coating with attached pili (fimbriae) which are hair-like extensions for attachment
Capsule
Tiny structures for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Container holding DNA within the cytoplasm in Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus
Cell structures covered by a double membrane covering
Envelope
What is the cell wall made up of in algae and plants?
Cellulose
What protects plant cells and provides shape and structural support?
The Cell Wall
What is the cell wall made up of in Slime Molds and Fungi?
Chitin
What cells is the Cell Membrane present in?
All Cells
What is selective permeablility?
The ability to regulate what comes in and out of the cell via the Cell Membrane
What is the Cell Membrane generally described as?
A phospholipid bilayer
This component of the Cell Membrane serves as a general barrier for the cell
Phospholipids
Which part of the plasma membrane are used specifically for transport?
Integral Proteins
What part of the Cell Membrane is used specifically for receiving chemical signals?
Peripheral proteins
The extensions from the phospholipid bilayer of a cell that is used for attachment to other cells or to surfaces is made out of what polymer?
Carbohydrates
What holds the Cell Membrane together while promoting flexibility?
Cholesterol
This is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
What is the fluid in the Nucleus?
Nucleoplasm
The double membrane covering the Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Where is the Nucleolus located?
Inside the Nucleus
What does the Nucleolus produce?
Ribosomes
What fluid inside the cell contains water and any dissolved solutes?
Cytosol
What are the two components that the Cytoplasm includes?
The Cytosol and all the the structures suspended within it
The Protein matrix running through the cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Hollow tubes of the protein Tubulin, used in cell division
Microtubules
Thin strips of the protein actin, used in cell movement
Microfilaments
These consist of rope-like fibers of the protein Keratin, and protect a cell against stress and trauma
Intermediate Fibers
A dense network of fine, wispy proteins, that anchors cell structures in the cytoplasm
Microtrabeculae
These Vacuoles are only located in protozoans. They store and expel excess water
Contractile Vacuoles
These Vacuoles, that are only located in animal cells, store triglycerides
Fat Vacuole
This Vacuole, that are only located in plant cells, store water and can take up between 50-90% of the cell
Central Vacuole
An organelle that is the site of cellular respiration, which is the process of converting glucose into ATP
Mitochondrion
The Fluid in the Mitochondrion
Matrix
The folds of the inner membrane of the Mitochondrion
Cristae
An organelle in plant and algal cells that is the site of photosynthesis, which converts light energy into glucose
Chloroplast
Energy-rich fluid in the Chloroplast
Stroma
Membranous disk covered by light trapping pigments
Thylakoid Disks
A stack of Thylakoid disks
Granum
The tiniest of all cell structures that is both found in all cells and the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Membrane bound sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that:
Digests a cell’s food and waste
Breaks down Damaged cell structures
Destroys foreign agents
Lysosomes
Membrane bound sacs of catalytic enzymes purpose made to break down toxic hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
Peroxisomes
A system of membranous channels with compartments that form vesicles
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
This part of the cell has ribosomes attached and processes and packages protein
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
This part of the cells is the site of lipid synthesis that can also store calcium and perform detoxification
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
This stack of membrane bound flattened sacs is referred to as the packaging and distribution center of the cell. It can also form lysosomes and peroxisomes
Golgi Apparatus
Long whip-like tails used for movement
Flagella
Shorter, hair-like extensions that move like stiff oars
Cilia
What are both Cilia and Flagella made of?
Microtubules
This part of the cell is only present in animal-like cells, and is used in cell division
Centrioles
The area of the cytoplasm in which Centrioles sit
Centrosome
This plant cell junction is a channel that connect two adjacent cells and allow for the cells to communicated and share cytoplasm and nutrients
Plasmodesmata
This animal cell junction produces a leak-proof tissue with snap-like connection between adjacent cells
Tight Junction
This animal cell junction is a button-like connection between adjacent cells that still allows for fluid to move between it
Desmosomes
This animal cell junction is made of channels that connect two adjacent cells and, similar to plasmodesmata, allow for cells to communicate and share substances
Gap junction
How many subunits are ribosomes made of?
Two, a small and a large subunit
What is the name of Ribosomes attached to proteins of the cytoskeleton?
Free Ribosomes
What is the name of Ribosomes attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Bound Ribosomes
