module6 Flashcards
hypertension
high BP
congestive heart failure (CHF)
inability of heart to pump its required amount of blood to meet body’s metabolic demand
angina
chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to the heart
arrhythmia
deviation from normal rhythmic pattern of heartbeat (rrhythm/o)
fibrillation
rapid, involuntary, recurrent contraction of a bundle of nerve fibers or single muscle fiber. results in random inefficient contraction and disruption of normal sinus rhythm; rapid and disorganized
(Acute) Myocardial Infarction
heart attack; necrosis of myocardial muscle due to obstruction in coronary artery caused by atherosclerotic plaque, thrombus or spasm
Flutter
type of arrhythmia characterized by rapid, but regular, contractions of atria or ventricles
atherosclerosis
formation of fatty deposits (ather/o) along inner lining of coronary arteries; caused by hardening, thickening or loss of arterial wall elasticity
-sclerosis
hardening
aneurysm
local widening of artery; can develop from atherosclerosis; sac filled with fluid (clotted blood) formed by dilation of a weakened artery, vein or heart
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
group of disease changes in coronary arteries that lead to plaque or clot formation and heart attack or other problems
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
any abnormal condition affecting the arteries of the heart; particularly reduced flow of nutrients and O2 to myocardium
Electrocardiography
diagnosis rhythmic irregularities of the hear; records the heart’s electrical activity; establishes diagnosis of congenital heart disease
electrocardiogram
the recording of the ECG
stress test
ECG plus blood pressure monitoring and heart rate measurements showing heart’s response to physical exertion
holter monitor
portable ECG device that can be worn to provide an extended recording of the heart’s activity; also to test the readiness for increasingly challenging exercise regimens
cardiac catheterization
involves guiding a flexible catheter via a vein/artery into heart to detect blood flow and pressure; used to diagnose congential heart disease
cardiac catheter ablation
therapeutic procedure in which catheterization is used to destroy abnormal tissue that is causing arrhythmias
angiography
process of obtaining a radiographic image of blood vessels following injection of contrast dye; to diagnose congenital heart disease
doppler ultrasound
used to measure blood flow (velocity) in vessels via sound waves
echocardiography
use of high-frequency sound waves to show the structure and movement of the heart; also used to diagnose congenital heart failure (CHF)
MUGA scan
shows the motion of the heart wall muscles using radioactive chemicals
treating congenital heart failure (CHF)
take meds to improve pumping action of heart and promote excretion of fluids; restrict sodium and fluid intake
Serum enzyme tests
tests used to determine whether a cardiac infarction has occurred
lipid test
lab test to measure cholestrol and triglycerides in the blood; used to detect CAD; screens for risk factors of CAD
lipoproteins electrophoresis
type of lipid test; lipoproteins (combo of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample; allows for analysis of LDL (low density lipoprotein) vs HDL (high density…)
Technetium 99m Sestamibi scan
nuclear imaging; helps assess coronary blood flow and myocardial viability; can be used with exercise tolerance test
thallium stress testing
nuclear imaging; assesses blood flow to the myocardium during exercise after injection of radioisotope 201
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
used to identify areas of ischemia and infarction; inject radioactive particles that reach the heart producing cross-sectional images showing blood flow and heart muscle activity
cardioversion/defibrillation
brief discharge of electricity passing across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia (aka defibrillation) (-vesion = to turn); AED (automated external defibrillator) or ICD (cardioverter-defibrillator)
thrombolytic therapy
use of drugs to dissolve clots before they lead to heart attack
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
emergency procedure that uses manual chest compressions in an effort to restart the heartbeat and breathing of a person whose heart has stopped in cardiac arrest
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)/Balloon Angioplasty
is a repair procedure in which a balloon-tipped catheter and stent are threaded into coronary artery to dilate the clogged vessel
saturated fats
those of animal origins (milk fat, butter, fatty meats); these increase blood cholesterol which builds up plaque over time
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
surgical procedure where a blood vessel is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to bypass the area of occulsion
endarterectomy
the surgical removal of fatty deposits (end- = innermost lining of artery)
heatburn
a burning sensation caused by regurgitation of HCL from stomach into esophagus; associated with GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
associated with heartburn; disorder in which solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach through the esophagus
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
ulceration of the lining of the intestine; characterized by diarrhea, intrarectal bleeding, and pain
Crohn disease
IBD that occurs in the last portion of the ilium
Ulcerative colitis
IBD that occurs in the colon
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
increased intestinal activity, including diarrhea and abdominal pain; commonly associated with emotional stress
anal fistula
is an abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus; often results from infection
anal fissure
painful narrow slit in the mucous membrane of the anus
polyp (polyp/o)
benign growth that protrudes from the mucous membrane
colonic polyposis
polyps that occur in the colon
diverticulosis
abnormal presence of diverticula, particularly through the muscular portion of the sigmoid colon; abnormal sac-like outpouchings in the colon wall
diverticulitis
inflammation and infection within the diverticula
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
jaundice
results when yellow bile pigment accumulate in the blood and are deposited in the skin and eyes; symptom caused by hyperbilirubinemia
hyperbilirubinemia
excess bilirubin in the blood
bilirubin
RBC pigment excreted with bile from the liver into the intestine
hepatocellular carcinoma
malignant tumour of the liver
cholelithiasis
aka gallstones; causes biliary colic
lith/o
stone
chol/e
gall/bile
-iasis
abnormal condition
computed tomography (CT)
radiographic procedure that produces computerized images representing cross-sectional slices of tissue structure
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses radio frequency to produce images without use of radiation or contrast medium; has superior soft tissue contrast resolution
barium test
barium mixture is introduced into GI and then x-ray images are obtained
lower GI (gastrointestinal) series
a series of radiographs taken of the LI after an injection of a barium enema; aka barium enema, BE
upper GI (gastrointestinal) series
fluoroscopic or radiographic diagnostic views of the upper GI taken after ingestion of barium sulfate; aka barium swallowing
abdominal ultrasound
process of beaming sound waves into abdomen to produce images or organs (often the gallbladder)
Endoscopic ultrasound
procedure that produces images of intestinal wall layers by use of an endoscope with an attached ultrasound probe; used for detection of tumours (abdominal) and cystic growths (enlarged lymph nodes) and for determining stage of malignant tumors
cholangiography
within the liver, a radiographic examination of bile ducts (cholangi/o) after a contrast material is injected either through liver or through a catheter
Hemoccult test
standardized test to look for hidden (occult) blood in stool; screening test for colon and rectal cancer
stool culture
feces (stool) are placed in a growth medium (culture medium) which is later examined microscopically for evidence of microorganisms (ie bacteria)
liver function tests (LFTs)
aka liver enzyme test; measure presence of liver enzymes such as ALT (alanine transaminase) and AST (aspartate transaminase) in blood
Endoscopy
visual examination within any hollow organ using an endoscope
esophagoscopy
visual examination of the esophagus without surgery; insertion of instrument (esophagoscope)
gastroscopy
visual examination of inside of stomach
gastroscope
instrument used to visually examine the stomach; inserted into mouth and eased down esophagus into stomach
sigmoidoscopy
visual examination of the sigmoid colon with an endoscope inserted through the anus and rectum
colonoscopy
examination of the entire colon using a more elongated endoscope
virtual colonoscopy (CT colonography)
2-3D images of colon are produced using CT scans, MRIs and computers
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
diagnostic procedure that produces radiographic images of the bile and pancreatic ducts; contrast medium is injected via catheter tube through mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum and then into the bile ducts
stoma
opening created to relieve blockages (ie. colostomy)
colostomy
artificial opening into the colon through abdominal wall, used for passage of stool, especially in cancer of the colon
ileostomy
surgical creation of a new opening from the ileum (ile/o) to the outside of the body
Anastomosis
surgical creation of an opening btw two gastrointestinal organs (ie. btw stomach and section of intestine)
cholecystectomy
traditional surgery to remove the gallbladder; treatment for cholelithiasis (gallstones)
Laparoscopic cholecystecomy
laparascope is used to surgically remove damaged gallbladder through much smaller incision; surgical removal through visual examination of interior of abdomen through one or more small incisions in abdominal wall
hypophys/o
pituitary gland
acromegaly
chronic metabolic disorder that involves gradual enlargement of the bones of the face, jaw and extremities (acr/o); caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland; occurs in conjunction with increased, decreased, or normal levels of hormone function
Endemic goiter
occurs in certain geographic areas among pops of ppl who lack sufficient dietary iodine; enlargement results from collection of colloid (jelly-like substance) within gland
nodular/adenomatous goiter
occurs in presence of hyperthyroidism
hyperthyroidism
the excessive secretion of thyroid hormone; includes symptoms such as protrusion of eyeballs, tremors, nervousness, weight loss, fatigue, and palpitations
Graves disease (aka exophthalmic goiter)
most common form of hyperthyroidism; disorder of unknown origin; involved with dysfunction of the immune system; influenced by genetic and enviro factors; will see abnormal protrusion (exo-) of the eyeballs (ophthalm/o) caused by increased deposits of fat in tissues at back of eye socket
Cushing Syndrome
hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex; person typically displays obesity, round moon like appearance of face, fatty deposits of chest, abdomen, and upper back
hyperglycemia
symptom of cushing syndrome; abnormally increased amount of glucose in blood
muscular atrophy
symptom of cushing syndrome; decrease in size of muscle cells
osteoporosis
symptom of cushing syndrome; decrease in amount of bone mass leading to fracture after minimal trauma
treatment of cushing syndrome
involves reduction in amount of cortisol secretion either pharmacologically or surgically
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
chronic syndrome of impaired carb, fat and protein metabolism caused by either insufficient insulin secretion or by target tissue insulin resistance
Type 1 diabetes
usually has onset during childhood; involves deficiency of insulin in the body
Type 2 diabetes
usually develops in adulthood and involves some insulin deficiency and a loss of the body’s ability to respond to the action of insulin (insulin resistance)
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
measures the body’s ability to break down and utilize glucose; diagnostic tool to measure amount of insulin and glucose in blood and urine
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
measure body’s response to a concentrated glucose solution; diagnostic tool to measure amount of insulin/glucose in blood/urine
hormone test
measure amount of ADH, cortisol, GH, and PTH in blood
radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)
tag and detect hormones in the blood
thyroid function tests (TFT)
examination of blood to assess T3, T4 and calcitonin levels
radioactive iodine uptake
test of thyroid function; administer iodine and assess the amount absorbed by the gland; in hyperthyroidism absorption of iodine is increased; uptake is visualized in a thyroid scan
exophthalmometry
measures the forward displacement of the eyes in Graves Disease
pregnancy test
measures human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); examines urine for presence of hCG, or serum pregnancy test to get quantitative hCG
gynecology
branch of medicine concerned with diseases of female genital tract
o/o
egg
menorrhagia
abnormally long or heavy menstrual periods (hypermenorrhea)
amenorrhea
absence of menstrual flow
dysmenorrhea
painful menstrual flow
endometriosis
condition in which inner lining of uterus (endometrium) occurs abnormally in other pelvic or abdominal regions
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus (usually in fallopian tube); non-genetic
fibroid (myoma)/ leiomyoma
most commonly occuring pelvic tumour; benign growths that consist of smooth muscle (leiomy/o) and fibrous connective tissue; causes are unknown although development stimulated by estrogen
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)/ salpingitis
can interfere with pregnancy; most often effects the fallopian tubes (salping/o); inflammatory condition effecting female pelvic organs; caused by bacterial infection
mammography
refers to an x-ray imaging of the breast (mamm/o)
Pap smear
test in which the physician removes a sample of cervical and vaginal secretions for microscopic analysis to detect any presence of disease
colposcopy
visual examination of the vagina (colp/o) and cervix using small magnifying instrument
hysterosalpingography
technique to confirm diagnosis of fibroids; involves x-ray imaging of uterus and fallopian tubes following injection of contrast dye
Pelvic ultrasonography
process of imaging deep body structures by measuring and recording sound waves; used to detect leiomyomas
transvaginal ultrasound
uses transducer placed in vaginal canal to obtain a sharper image of internal structures than the transabdominal approach
conization
removal of a cone-shaped section of the cervix; used if doctor wants to examine a section for biopsy
biopsy
removal of living tissue from body for examination; to confirm/establish diagnosis, estimate prognosis or follow course of disease
uterine artery embolization
treatment of fibroids; used to shrink the size of tumours by injecting tiny pellets into artery to block blood flow to the fibroids
myomectomy
treatment of fibroids; excision of the fibroid (myom/o)
hysterectomy
removal of uterus; treatment of fibroids
cryosurgery
use of liquid nitrogen to freeze (cry/o) and destroy damaged tissue
