Module 9 Wk 1 Flashcards
what does the respiritory system consist of?
- ancillary organs
- The lungs
- The diaphragm
What are the general functions of the respiritory systems?
- Gaseous exchange
- vocalisation
- olfaction
What does the respiritory contribute too and how?
- temp regulation as they dont have sweat glands all over body so pant to disapate heat
- Acid-base balane by regulating the blood levels of carbon diaxide and carbon monoxide
What are the lateral boundaries of the nasal cavity?
- maxilla bones
- insicive bone
- lacrimal bone
- zygomatic bone
What are the ventral boundaries of the nasal cavity?
- incisvive, maxilla and palatine bone
what are the dorsal boundaries of the nasal cavity?
- nasal and frontal bone
What is the caudal boundary of the nasal cavity in dogs?
- Cribiform plate of ethmoidal bone
What are the nostrils divided by in dogs?
Philtrum
Describe the skin at the nose of a dog
It is glandular, hairless, pigmented and grooved
What is the skin of a dogs nose moistened by?
Secretions from lacrimal gland and the lateral nasal gland
What artery supplies the nose/nasal plate?
Sphenopalatine artery
What are the muscles responsible for movement of muzzle region?
- superficial muscle = lavator nasolabialis
- Deep muscle = lavator labii maxillaris
- M caninus
What nerve supplies motor innervation to the muzzle?
facial nerve
What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the muzzle?
Infra-orbital nerve
Describe the realtionship between the nasal cartiliges and the nasal vestibule?
- nostril leads to nasal vestibule which extends beyond the boney skull supported by a series of cartiliages
- The cartiligenous nasla septum creates 2 seperate passage ways that lead to nasal cavity
What is the nasal septum supported by ventrally?
The vomer
How many muscosal folds are in each side of the nasal vestibule and what are they called?
Called alar fold ans there are 3
Describe the structure and function of The dorsal and ventral conchae
They are fragile boney stuctures lined with resp epithelium that is vescular. Its function is air conditioning air coming in.
Describe the structure abd function of ethmoidal epithelium
It is covered in olfactory epithelium and its function is smell
What are the passageways that the cochae form?
meatuses
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Are airfilled spaces between the plates of vone which form the boudaries of the nasal cavity
What are the functions of the holes in the skull?
- lighten head
- protect cranium
- increase area for muscular attachment
- resonance function
T/F the maxillary recess is a true sinus
False
What is the the vomernasal organ and what is its function?
- It is a tube filled with olfactory muscosa and resp ciliated epithelium
- Function is detection of pheromones
Where do you find incisive ducts anf what are there functions?
- Found behind upper front teeth in incisive papilla
- Function is apprasal of small amounts of fluid from oral cavity to create taste
What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?
- base of cranium
- paatopharyngeal arch
- soft palate
- internal nares
What are the auditory tube opening lined by, where do the lead and whats the function?
- Lined by resp epithelium
- leads to tympanic bulla
- function is to equalise pressure
What is the rolse of the pharynx?
breathing and swallowing
What is the larynx supported by?
The hyloid apparatus which swings it rostrally when swallowing
What is the function of the cilia being motile in resp epithelium?
To catch depri and dirt
What is the function of the mucous being produced by goblet cells in the respiritory epithelium?
It warms incoming air and acts as erectile tissue as if there is congestion it will distrup airways so bad things dont get in and will vasoconstrict when more air needed in
Describe olfactory cells and their function
- Bipolar neurons specialise apical pole carries a non-motile cilia with specific odorant bindingreceptors
- These unite to form an olfactory nerve which passes through cribiform plate to terminate at the olfactory bulb
What is the function of the secretions from bowmans glands?
They solubilize incoming odorants and washes away excess so detecting cells dont become saturised
Why is the frontal sinus a problem with ethanasia of large ruminants?
They protect the cranial cavity
What is the problems that can occur in small ruminants at the the frotal sinuses?
Larvae of oestrus ovis fly cause nose to block and migarate to frontal sinus develop then sneeze out to infect others
Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located in ruminants and pigs too?
On the caudal edge of the pharyngeal septum
Where is the tubal tonsil located in the ruminants and pigs?
Close to the enterance to auiditory tube
Describe the pharyngeal divertculum in pigs
It is a pounch-like structure that extends from the root of the nasopharynx
T/F the diverticulum causes no problems in pigs
False - can cause probs with tubing piglets as can interfere with passage of trachea so you end up putting it in there rather than oesophagus. Can also just cause genral trama esp tracha trauma if entering there
T/F horses are obligate nose breathers
Trueeee
What does chnages in volume of air between quiet breathing and increased resp depend on?
- dilation of nostrils
- reduced blood supply to nasal mucosa
- full abduction of glottis
- extension of head and neck
- action og abdominla viscera against diaphragm
What role do the nasal cartilidges have in forced breathing?
The pivot to dilate nostrils
T/F the nsal vestibule does not communicate directly with nasal cavity in the horse
True
What is the false nostril in the horse and where do they extend too?
Blind ended cutanouse pouch formed by alar folds and extends too the nasoincisive notch
What is the clinical relevence of the false nostrils?
sabaceous cysts often occur here
T/F the dosal and ventral conchae are less developed in horses?
False - ethmoidal and middle conchae are less developed
Where doe the dorsal and ventral conchae form sinuses?
THe 4th and 5th upper cheek teeth
Why are the paranasal sinuses clinically important?
- Bacterial infection can occur
- nasal tumours
- It is where you can access the upper cheek tooth via maxillary sinuses
what are the 5 pairs of paranasal sinuses in the horse?
- Frontal
- Maxillary - rostral and caudal
- sphenopalatine
- dorsal conchae
- ventral conchal
What is group 1 paranasal sinuses?
Maxillary rostral and ventral conchae
What seperates the rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses?
Boney septum
Do the rostral and caudal max sinuses both communicate with nasal cavity?
Yes - via the nasomaxillary opening
What is the only sinus that the RMS communicates directly with?
The ventral conchal sinus (group 1)
What does the CdMS communicate with?
The FS, DCS, SPS (group 2)
T/F there is no direct communication from frontal sinus to nasal cavity in the horse
True
How does the frontal sinus communicate with the CdMS?
Through the frontalmaxillary opening
What are the maxillary sinuses in young horses filled with?
They are filled with cheek teeth
Why do maxillary sinuses get bigger with age?
Due to teeth wearing down so tooth decay which can cause sinus infection
How can Sinus infection be alleviated in the horse?
By trephining which allows drainage and flushing out
State the safe surgical boundaries for access to paranasal sinus?
- outline of FS
- caudal MS outline
- outline of rostral FS
What is the name of the soft cuff that forms aroung the laryngeal aditus?
palatopharyngeal arch
Where is the laryngeal enterance in the horse?
Is held dorsally and in direct communication with nasopharynx
Describe the enterance of the auditory tubes in horse?
Long slit like structures supported by flaps of cartilage leading to gutteral pouch and is divided by the stylohyoid muscle
What is the larynx?
Short muscular/cartiliginous passage that controls air entering trachea
where is the enterence of the larynx?
It is called the aditus and is situated vebtrally in common pharynx at the base of the toungue except in the equine
what are the dorsal relations of the larynx?
oesophagus, base of the skull and atlas
What are the ventral relations of the larynx?
The ventral stap muscle of the neck and skin
Where does the larynx attach to the cranium?
Between the rami of the manibles by hyoid apparatus
Describe the components of the hyloid apparatus?
stylohyoid
epihyoid
ceratohyoid
basihyoid
thryohyoid
What are the funcions of the larynx?
- guards the enterance to the trachea - closure to glottis region occurs during swallowing
- regulates the amount of air entering lower resp passageways ie abduction (close) and adduction (open) of the glottis
- vocalisation - via varying the tension of the vocal chord
In the equine describe the thyroid cartilidge
Membrane replaces cartilidge lining lateral lamina
T/F in the horse there is articulation between thyrohyoid and thyroid cartilidge?
True
What shape is the cricoid carilidge in the horse?
signet ring shaped
Describe the difference in shape of the epiglottis cartilage in the dog and bovine
In the dog it is more leaf shaped whereas in the bovine it is more rounded
What does the epiglottis articulate with?
The thyroid cartilage (thyro-epiglottic attachment
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Stops food falling into resp system
What shape is the thyroid catilage?
u shaped
What does the the thyroid cartilage articulate with?
Thyrohyoid bone and arch of the cricoid cartilage (thyrohyoid articulation)
What cartilage type is the thyroid cartilage?
hyaline - ossifies with age
Where is the arytenoid cartilages located?
Situated dorsal with cricoid cartilages (cricosrytenoid articulation)
What does the arytenoid cartilages support?
Vocal cords
What is the corniculate processes?
They are irrregular and support the aryepiglottic folds
What is the cuneiform processes?
They are present in eqiines, canines and porcine and contribute to the vestibular folds
What kind of role does the cricoid cartilage have?
stabalising
What does the cricoid cartilage articulate with?
The 2 arytenoid cartilages and the thyroid (cricothyroid articulation)
What links the cricoid cartilage to trachea?
The cricotracheal ligament
Describe the aditus and what is it formed by?
Formed by epiglottis, the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilages and aryepiglottic folds
What is the function of the glottis?
Controls how much air eneters the trachea
what are some special features of larynx present in horses and some species
- lateral recess
- median recess
T/F the glottis is closed when swallowing?
Yes fully adducted
What happens if food does enter trachae?
contact with the mucosa of vestibule initaitaes reflex coughing
Describe the mechanism the larynx uses to help with vocalisation?
narrowing and widening of the glottis causes air to vibrate the folds
How does the larynx move to determine pitch?
Length and tensions of the vocal folds via cricothryoid and thyroarytenoid
What are the muscles that move the larynx rostrally when they contract?
- geniohyoid
- hypoglossus
What innervates that muscles that move larynx rostrally?
HYpoglossal nerve which is CN12
What muscles move the larynx caudally when contract?
- sternohyoid
- sternothyroid
- thyrohyoid
What innervates the muscle sthat move the larynx caudally?
The ventral branches of the cervical spine andthe hypoglossal nerve CN12
What doe the intrinsic muscles of the larynx control?
the airways - they move parts of the larync to aid airflow
What does the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle connect, do and innervate by?
- It connects the cricoid and the arytenoid cartilages
- It is an abductor so opens the glottis
- It is innervated by the caudal laryngeal nerve which is a branch of CN10
What does the transverse arytenoid muscle connect, do and innervate by?
- They connect the two arytenoid cartilages
- Adductor so closes glottis - Pulls the they two cartilages together so no air gets through
- innervated by the caudal laryngeal nerve brch of CN10
What does the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle connect, do and innervate by?
- Sits deep on each side of the larynx
- adducts the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages which closes the glottis
- innervated by the caudal laryngeal nerve
What does the thyroarytenoid muscle connect, do and innervate by?
- split in dog and horse into ventracularis (rostral) and vocalis (caudal)muscles
- not to do with adduction or abduction but to do with tension in the vocal cords
- innervated by caudal laryngeal nerve
What does the cricothyroid muscle connect, do and innervate by?
- sits external to everyting between the crocoid and thyroid cartilages
- lengtherns/tensions vocal cords
- innervated by the cranial laryngeal nerve
Which nerve is recponsible for innervating the abductor and adductor muscles of the glottis?
L&R Caudal recurrent laryngeal nerves- innervate both the abductors and the adductors
Name the intrinsic muscle(s) whose primary function is to adduct the glottis?
lateral cricoarytenoid muscles and the transverse arytenoid muscles
Describe the blood supply to the laryngeal region?
- Cranial and caudal laryngeal arteries (branch of the commen carotid artery)
- satellite veins
what lymph nodes drain from the laryngeal region?
Retro-pharyngeal lymph nodes
Describe the clinical problem soft palate displacement?
This is where there is disloaction of the larynx and trapping of the epiglottis below the soft palate
Describe aryepiglottic fold entrapment
Folds partially cover enterance to the glottis
What is left reccurent laryngeal neuropathy?
Degeneration of left recurrent laryngeal nerve resulting in paralysis of left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle leading to flacid vocal fold
What are clinical problems assocaited with the larync in the canine?
- elongation of the soft palate
- fracture of larynx and hyoid
- paralysis of the larynx
