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BVMS 2 > Module 9 Wk 1 > Flashcards

Module 9 Wk 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the respiritory system consist of?

A
  • ancillary organs
  • The lungs
  • The diaphragm
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2
Q

What are the general functions of the respiritory systems?

A
  • Gaseous exchange
  • vocalisation
  • olfaction
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3
Q

What does the respiritory contribute too and how?

A
  • temp regulation as they dont have sweat glands all over body so pant to disapate heat
  • Acid-base balane by regulating the blood levels of carbon diaxide and carbon monoxide
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4
Q

What are the lateral boundaries of the nasal cavity?

A
  • maxilla bones
  • insicive bone
  • lacrimal bone
  • zygomatic bone
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5
Q

What are the ventral boundaries of the nasal cavity?

A
  • incisvive, maxilla and palatine bone
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6
Q

what are the dorsal boundaries of the nasal cavity?

A
  • nasal and frontal bone
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7
Q

What is the caudal boundary of the nasal cavity in dogs?

A
  • Cribiform plate of ethmoidal bone
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8
Q

What are the nostrils divided by in dogs?

A

Philtrum

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9
Q

Describe the skin at the nose of a dog

A

It is glandular, hairless, pigmented and grooved

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10
Q

What is the skin of a dogs nose moistened by?

A

Secretions from lacrimal gland and the lateral nasal gland

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11
Q

What artery supplies the nose/nasal plate?

A

Sphenopalatine artery

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12
Q

What are the muscles responsible for movement of muzzle region?

A
  • superficial muscle = lavator nasolabialis
  • Deep muscle = lavator labii maxillaris
  • M caninus
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13
Q

What nerve supplies motor innervation to the muzzle?

A

facial nerve

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14
Q

What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the muzzle?

A

Infra-orbital nerve

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15
Q

Describe the realtionship between the nasal cartiliges and the nasal vestibule?

A
  • nostril leads to nasal vestibule which extends beyond the boney skull supported by a series of cartiliages
  • The cartiligenous nasla septum creates 2 seperate passage ways that lead to nasal cavity
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16
Q

What is the nasal septum supported by ventrally?

A

The vomer

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17
Q

How many muscosal folds are in each side of the nasal vestibule and what are they called?

A

Called alar fold ans there are 3

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18
Q

Describe the structure and function of The dorsal and ventral conchae

A

They are fragile boney stuctures lined with resp epithelium that is vescular. Its function is air conditioning air coming in.

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19
Q

Describe the structure abd function of ethmoidal epithelium

A

It is covered in olfactory epithelium and its function is smell

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20
Q

What are the passageways that the cochae form?

A

meatuses

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21
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Are airfilled spaces between the plates of vone which form the boudaries of the nasal cavity

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22
Q

What are the functions of the holes in the skull?

A
  • lighten head
  • protect cranium
  • increase area for muscular attachment
  • resonance function
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23
Q

T/F the maxillary recess is a true sinus

A

False

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24
Q

What is the the vomernasal organ and what is its function?

A
  • It is a tube filled with olfactory muscosa and resp ciliated epithelium
  • Function is detection of pheromones
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25
Q

Where do you find incisive ducts anf what are there functions?

A
  • Found behind upper front teeth in incisive papilla
  • Function is apprasal of small amounts of fluid from oral cavity to create taste
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26
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A
  • base of cranium
  • paatopharyngeal arch
  • soft palate
  • internal nares
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27
Q

What are the auditory tube opening lined by, where do the lead and whats the function?

A
  • Lined by resp epithelium
  • leads to tympanic bulla
  • function is to equalise pressure
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28
Q

What is the rolse of the pharynx?

A

breathing and swallowing

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29
Q

What is the larynx supported by?

A

The hyloid apparatus which swings it rostrally when swallowing

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30
Q

What is the function of the cilia being motile in resp epithelium?

A

To catch depri and dirt

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31
Q

What is the function of the mucous being produced by goblet cells in the respiritory epithelium?

A

It warms incoming air and acts as erectile tissue as if there is congestion it will distrup airways so bad things dont get in and will vasoconstrict when more air needed in

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32
Q

Describe olfactory cells and their function

A
  • Bipolar neurons specialise apical pole carries a non-motile cilia with specific odorant bindingreceptors
  • These unite to form an olfactory nerve which passes through cribiform plate to terminate at the olfactory bulb
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33
Q

What is the function of the secretions from bowmans glands?

A

They solubilize incoming odorants and washes away excess so detecting cells dont become saturised

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34
Q
A
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35
Q

Why is the frontal sinus a problem with ethanasia of large ruminants?

A

They protect the cranial cavity

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36
Q

What is the problems that can occur in small ruminants at the the frotal sinuses?

A

Larvae of oestrus ovis fly cause nose to block and migarate to frontal sinus develop then sneeze out to infect others

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37
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located in ruminants and pigs too?

A

On the caudal edge of the pharyngeal septum

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38
Q

Where is the tubal tonsil located in the ruminants and pigs?

A

Close to the enterance to auiditory tube

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39
Q

Describe the pharyngeal divertculum in pigs

A

It is a pounch-like structure that extends from the root of the nasopharynx

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40
Q

T/F the diverticulum causes no problems in pigs

A

False - can cause probs with tubing piglets as can interfere with passage of trachea so you end up putting it in there rather than oesophagus. Can also just cause genral trama esp tracha trauma if entering there

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41
Q

T/F horses are obligate nose breathers

A

Trueeee

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42
Q

What does chnages in volume of air between quiet breathing and increased resp depend on?

A
  • dilation of nostrils
  • reduced blood supply to nasal mucosa
  • full abduction of glottis
  • extension of head and neck
  • action og abdominla viscera against diaphragm
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43
Q

What role do the nasal cartilidges have in forced breathing?

A

The pivot to dilate nostrils

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44
Q

T/F the nsal vestibule does not communicate directly with nasal cavity in the horse

A

True

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45
Q

What is the false nostril in the horse and where do they extend too?

A

Blind ended cutanouse pouch formed by alar folds and extends too the nasoincisive notch

46
Q

What is the clinical relevence of the false nostrils?

A

sabaceous cysts often occur here

47
Q

T/F the dosal and ventral conchae are less developed in horses?

A

False - ethmoidal and middle conchae are less developed

48
Q

Where doe the dorsal and ventral conchae form sinuses?

A

THe 4th and 5th upper cheek teeth

49
Q

Why are the paranasal sinuses clinically important?

A
  • Bacterial infection can occur
  • nasal tumours
  • It is where you can access the upper cheek tooth via maxillary sinuses
50
Q

what are the 5 pairs of paranasal sinuses in the horse?

A
  • Frontal
  • Maxillary - rostral and caudal
  • sphenopalatine
  • dorsal conchae
  • ventral conchal
51
Q

What is group 1 paranasal sinuses?

A

Maxillary rostral and ventral conchae

52
Q

What seperates the rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses?

A

Boney septum

53
Q

Do the rostral and caudal max sinuses both communicate with nasal cavity?

A

Yes - via the nasomaxillary opening

54
Q

What is the only sinus that the RMS communicates directly with?

A

The ventral conchal sinus (group 1)

55
Q

What does the CdMS communicate with?

A

The FS, DCS, SPS (group 2)

56
Q

T/F there is no direct communication from frontal sinus to nasal cavity in the horse

A

True

57
Q

How does the frontal sinus communicate with the CdMS?

A

Through the frontalmaxillary opening

58
Q

What are the maxillary sinuses in young horses filled with?

A

They are filled with cheek teeth

59
Q

Why do maxillary sinuses get bigger with age?

A

Due to teeth wearing down so tooth decay which can cause sinus infection

60
Q

How can Sinus infection be alleviated in the horse?

A

By trephining which allows drainage and flushing out

61
Q

State the safe surgical boundaries for access to paranasal sinus?

A
  • outline of FS
  • caudal MS outline
  • outline of rostral FS
62
Q

What is the name of the soft cuff that forms aroung the laryngeal aditus?

A

palatopharyngeal arch

63
Q

Where is the laryngeal enterance in the horse?

A

Is held dorsally and in direct communication with nasopharynx

64
Q

Describe the enterance of the auditory tubes in horse?

A

Long slit like structures supported by flaps of cartilage leading to gutteral pouch and is divided by the stylohyoid muscle

65
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Short muscular/cartiliginous passage that controls air entering trachea

66
Q

where is the enterence of the larynx?

A

It is called the aditus and is situated vebtrally in common pharynx at the base of the toungue except in the equine

67
Q

what are the dorsal relations of the larynx?

A

oesophagus, base of the skull and atlas

68
Q

What are the ventral relations of the larynx?

A

The ventral stap muscle of the neck and skin

69
Q

Where does the larynx attach to the cranium?

A

Between the rami of the manibles by hyoid apparatus

70
Q

Describe the components of the hyloid apparatus?

A

stylohyoid
epihyoid
ceratohyoid
basihyoid
thryohyoid

71
Q

What are the funcions of the larynx?

A
  • guards the enterance to the trachea - closure to glottis region occurs during swallowing
  • regulates the amount of air entering lower resp passageways ie abduction (close) and adduction (open) of the glottis
  • vocalisation - via varying the tension of the vocal chord
72
Q

In the equine describe the thyroid cartilidge

A

Membrane replaces cartilidge lining lateral lamina

73
Q

T/F in the horse there is articulation between thyrohyoid and thyroid cartilidge?

A

True

74
Q

What shape is the cricoid carilidge in the horse?

A

signet ring shaped

75
Q

Describe the difference in shape of the epiglottis cartilage in the dog and bovine

A

In the dog it is more leaf shaped whereas in the bovine it is more rounded

76
Q

What does the epiglottis articulate with?

A

The thyroid cartilage (thyro-epiglottic attachment

77
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Stops food falling into resp system

78
Q

What shape is the thyroid catilage?

A

u shaped

79
Q

What does the the thyroid cartilage articulate with?

A

Thyrohyoid bone and arch of the cricoid cartilage (thyrohyoid articulation)

80
Q

What cartilage type is the thyroid cartilage?

A

hyaline - ossifies with age

81
Q

Where is the arytenoid cartilages located?

A

Situated dorsal with cricoid cartilages (cricosrytenoid articulation)

81
Q

What does the arytenoid cartilages support?

A

Vocal cords

82
Q

What is the corniculate processes?

A

They are irrregular and support the aryepiglottic folds

83
Q

What is the cuneiform processes?

A

They are present in eqiines, canines and porcine and contribute to the vestibular folds

84
Q

What kind of role does the cricoid cartilage have?

A

stabalising

85
Q

What does the cricoid cartilage articulate with?

A

The 2 arytenoid cartilages and the thyroid (cricothyroid articulation)

86
Q

What links the cricoid cartilage to trachea?

A

The cricotracheal ligament

87
Q

Describe the aditus and what is it formed by?

A

Formed by epiglottis, the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilages and aryepiglottic folds

88
Q

What is the function of the glottis?

A

Controls how much air eneters the trachea

89
Q

what are some special features of larynx present in horses and some species

A
  • lateral recess
  • median recess
90
Q

T/F the glottis is closed when swallowing?

A

Yes fully adducted

91
Q

What happens if food does enter trachae?

A

contact with the mucosa of vestibule initaitaes reflex coughing

92
Q

Describe the mechanism the larynx uses to help with vocalisation?

A

narrowing and widening of the glottis causes air to vibrate the folds

93
Q

How does the larynx move to determine pitch?

A

Length and tensions of the vocal folds via cricothryoid and thyroarytenoid

94
Q

What are the muscles that move the larynx rostrally when they contract?

A
  • geniohyoid
  • hypoglossus
95
Q

What innervates that muscles that move larynx rostrally?

A

HYpoglossal nerve which is CN12

96
Q

What muscles move the larynx caudally when contract?

A
  • sternohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • thyrohyoid
97
Q

What innervates the muscle sthat move the larynx caudally?

A

The ventral branches of the cervical spine andthe hypoglossal nerve CN12

98
Q

What doe the intrinsic muscles of the larynx control?

A

the airways - they move parts of the larync to aid airflow

99
Q

What does the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle connect, do and innervate by?

A
  • It connects the cricoid and the arytenoid cartilages
  • It is an abductor so opens the glottis
  • It is innervated by the caudal laryngeal nerve which is a branch of CN10
100
Q

What does the transverse arytenoid muscle connect, do and innervate by?

A
  • They connect the two arytenoid cartilages
  • Adductor so closes glottis - Pulls the they two cartilages together so no air gets through
  • innervated by the caudal laryngeal nerve brch of CN10
101
Q

What does the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle connect, do and innervate by?

A
  • Sits deep on each side of the larynx
  • adducts the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages which closes the glottis
  • innervated by the caudal laryngeal nerve
102
Q

What does the thyroarytenoid muscle connect, do and innervate by?

A
  • split in dog and horse into ventracularis (rostral) and vocalis (caudal)muscles
  • not to do with adduction or abduction but to do with tension in the vocal cords
  • innervated by caudal laryngeal nerve
103
Q

What does the cricothyroid muscle connect, do and innervate by?

A
  • sits external to everyting between the crocoid and thyroid cartilages
  • lengtherns/tensions vocal cords
  • innervated by the cranial laryngeal nerve
104
Q

Which nerve is recponsible for innervating the abductor and adductor muscles of the glottis?

A

L&R Caudal recurrent laryngeal nerves- innervate both the abductors and the adductors

105
Q

Name the intrinsic muscle(s) whose primary function is to adduct the glottis?

A

lateral cricoarytenoid muscles and the transverse arytenoid muscles

106
Q

Describe the blood supply to the laryngeal region?

A
  • Cranial and caudal laryngeal arteries (branch of the commen carotid artery)
  • satellite veins
107
Q

what lymph nodes drain from the laryngeal region?

A

Retro-pharyngeal lymph nodes

108
Q

Describe the clinical problem soft palate displacement?

A

This is where there is disloaction of the larynx and trapping of the epiglottis below the soft palate

109
Q

Describe aryepiglottic fold entrapment

A

Folds partially cover enterance to the glottis

110
Q

What is left reccurent laryngeal neuropathy?

A

Degeneration of left recurrent laryngeal nerve resulting in paralysis of left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle leading to flacid vocal fold

111
Q

What are clinical problems assocaited with the larync in the canine?

A
  • elongation of the soft palate
  • fracture of larynx and hyoid
  • paralysis of the larynx

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