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BVMS 2 > Module 11 Wk1 > Flashcards

Module 11 Wk1 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F rabbits are rodents

A

False - they are lagaomorpha

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2
Q

what are crepuscular animals

A

They are animals that are more active late evening, during the night and early morning and then sleep during the day

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3
Q

T/F are rabbit lifespans varied?

A

True

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4
Q

What 3 things can impact on rabbits lifespan?

A
  • Breed (bigger = less and smaller = longer)
  • diet
  • Husbandry
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5
Q

What is the normal heart rate of a rabbit?

A

180-300 bpm

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6
Q

What is the normal range for resp rate in rabbits?

A

30-60 per min

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7
Q

If the rabbit is stressed what number can resp rate go up too?

A

greater than 100 per min

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8
Q

Name 6 main rabbit breeds we Talk about

A
  • Lop
  • Loinhead
  • Dutch
  • English Rabbit
  • Netherland Dwarf
  • Giant
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9
Q

which breed is likely to have problems with their ears and why?

A

Lops - because they have floppy ears so things can get trapped and there is a higher temp

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10
Q

Name the most important part of rabbits GI system

A

Ceacum

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11
Q

What is found at the ieoceacal junction in the rabbit that is made of lymphoid tissue?

A

The saculus rotundudus

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12
Q

what is the function of the saculus rotundas?

A

Acts as a valve to stop contects going bcak into SI from LI

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13
Q

What is found between the proximal and distal aspects of colon

A

Fusous Coli

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14
Q

What is the function of the Fusous Coli

A

Acts as a pacemaker which activates mobility at this part of the intestine

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15
Q

what is found at the end of the ceacum in the rabbit?

A

Ceacal appendix

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16
Q

What type of tissue makes up the Ceacal appendix?

A

Lymphoid tissue

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17
Q

What is the function of the Ceacal appendix?

A

Control pH for fermentation here

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18
Q

T/F the Ceacal Appendix plays crucial role and regulates contaction in gut

A

False - Fusous Coli does

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19
Q

T/F rabbits chew the ceaotrophs?

A

False

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20
Q

What is the percentage of excesscalcium excreted in urine?

A

44%

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21
Q

Due to high calcium intake describe how rabbits urine may appear?

A

urine sedement - Cloudy

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22
Q

What is the most imporntant component of Rabbits diet?

A

Fibre

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23
Q

what is the percentage of the diet is fibre in rabbits

A

20-25% of diet

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24
Q

T/F the amount of protein in diet stays the same at all stages of life of rabbits?

A

False - They need more protein when they are younger (19%) compared to adults who need less (12-16%)

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25
Q

Describe indigestable fiberes

A
  • long fibes greater that 0.3mm
  • composed of cellulose and ligin
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26
Q

What are the function of indigestible fibers

A

Promote good gut health and natural dental wear

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27
Q

Describe Digestible fibers

A
  • short fibers less that 0.3mm
  • composed of pectins. hemicellulose and cellulose
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28
Q

What are the functions of Digestible fibres?

A

Promote ceacal formation and provides nurtrients

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29
Q

T/F you can immediatly indroduce grass to a rabbit thats used to hay

A

False - Needs to be gradual

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30
Q

when should rabbits be given hay/grass

A

ALL day

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31
Q

How many times a day should we give rabbits concentrates

A

Twice daily

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32
Q

Hoy many times a day should we give rabbits leafy greens

A

Twice daily too with a variation of leafs

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33
Q

At how many weeks should you wean baby rabbits onto water and hay from milk

A

3 weeks (21days)

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34
Q

What could be a concern if you observe a horse lying down

A

colic

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35
Q

What is bilateral forelimb foot pain assocatited with?

A

Laminitis

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36
Q

What could heaving lines on horse indicate?

A

Equine asthma

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37
Q

What 4 things should you look at when looking at horse envirmoent?

A
  • Bedding
  • Food
  • Feaces
  • Signs of pain
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38
Q

What should normal horse feaces looking like

A

well formed with enough moisture

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39
Q

horse Feaces too dry indicates what

A

grass sickness/ impaction

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40
Q

name 5 signs of pain you might see in horses

A

lying down
cuts on face from thrashing
pawing
rolling flank watch
non-weightbearing
weight shifting

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41
Q

What is the ideal Temp range for Horse

A

37.5 to 38.5C

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42
Q

What is the ideal pulse rate for a horse?

A

28-40 beats per min

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43
Q

What is the ideal resp rate for a horse

A

8-16 breathes per min

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44
Q

When assesing mucouse coming from horses nose what should you ask youself

A
  • Bilateral/ unilateral
  • serous or thicker
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45
Q

If it is bilateral where is more likely to have come from

A

Trachea or lungs

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46
Q

If discharge is unilateral where is more likely to have come from

A

Nasal cavity

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47
Q

what is the target CRT in horses

A

2 seconds

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48
Q

why is it much easier to identify where and what kind of heart murmour tey may have?

A

Because their heart rate is a lot slower than other species

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49
Q

Where in horses do you need to asculated to hear heart

A

Very proximally under triceps

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50
Q

what points should you listen in horse

A

point of shoulder
point of elbow
11th rib
13th rib
18th rib

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51
Q

what are the four decribing words to decribe each quadarant in horse abdomen

A

abesent
reduced
normal
icreased

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52
Q

why might you chech hoof wall temp

A

laminitis or abcesses

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53
Q

hirsuitism

A

exessive hair growth

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54
Q

what might hirsuitism be associated with

A

cushings disease or PPID

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55
Q

what side of the horse should you start

A

left as thats what they are used too

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56
Q

when looking at cows name 5 things

A
  • resp rate and effort
  • grunting and coughing
  • mobility score
  • discharge from nostrils
  • feaces
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57
Q

when looking at the enviroment cows are in what arre things too look at

A
  • food
  • water
  • dung
  • smell
  • cleanliness
  • other animals there
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58
Q

what end of the animal should you start with cows

A

tail to head
Rear end
Left side
Right side
Head and Neck
Rectal & vaginal exam

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59
Q

what can you do at the rear end when clinicalling examining cattle

A

Re-assess symmetry and soiling
Body condition score (BCS)
Temperature
Pulse
Vulva (membrane colour and CRT)
Udder

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60
Q

what can you do at the left side when clinicalling examining cattle

A

Lymph nodes
Prescapular and Prefemoral
Heart
3rd to 5th intercostal space
Withers pinch test
Left lung field
Digestive system
LDA ping
Limbs

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61
Q

what is the triangle in which you listen to lungs in cattle made up from?

A

triceps cranially, the attachment of the ribs to the vertebral column dorsally and a line between the point of the elbow and the 11th intercostal space.

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62
Q

why would you listen to trachea?

A

to rule out transfered sound from upper airways

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63
Q

If a cow scored 1 during a rumen exam what does this indicate?

A

cow hasnt eaten in 24hrs

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64
Q

If a cow scored 5 during a rumen exam what does this indicate?

A

There is rounded skin folds

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65
Q

when listening during a rumen exam what is normal to hear?

A

Three full cycles per two mins

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66
Q

when listening during a rumen exam what is abnormal to hear?

A

less than one cycle per min

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67
Q

In a normal rumen what is the middle layer like

A

doughy fiberous

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68
Q

What does LDA stand for?

A

Left displacement of the abomasum

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69
Q

T/F freshly calved, retained placenta, drop in milk yeild, ketosis, milk fever are all causes of LDA

A

True

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70
Q

what can you do at the right side when clinically examining cattle

A
  • Lymph nodes - Pre-femoral and Pre-scapular
  • Heart- 3rd to 5th Intercostal space
  • Right lung field
  • Digestive system
  • Right sided pings
  • Limbs
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71
Q

why is the right side o fthe heart typically less audible than left side

A

as most of heart lies to the left of the midline

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72
Q

Is skin tenting accurate for hydration levels in cows?

A

No

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73
Q

Do rabbits need outdoor space

A

yes

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74
Q

what is the required space a rabbit needs

A

150-220m^2

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75
Q

How can you tell if a hutch is big enough for rabbit?

A

The rabbit can lie down and stretch out comfotably in all directions

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76
Q

How would you be able to tell id the Hutch is tall enough for rabbit?

A

They can stand up on their back legs withour their ears touching the roof

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77
Q

How would you know if the hutch is long enough for your rabbit?

A

They can hop at least 3 times

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78
Q

T/F rabbits dont need a running area

A

False - should have free range of outdoors or indoors or both, alterniatily have a run so fencend in but lots of area

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79
Q

What makes rabbits feel more secure?

A

they are prey animals so a place to hide - even a cardboard box will do

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80
Q

where should you place litter trays?

A

in quiet areas

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81
Q

T/F food should be far away from litter

A

False - should have food near or in litter tray

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82
Q

Why would you not use wood shavings in litter and what would you use instead

A

They are dusty - newspaper or hay

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83
Q

what could 30 degree heat and more lead to in rabbits?

A

Hypomobility as of heat stress

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84
Q

what is optimum temp rage for rabbits

A

15-21 C

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85
Q

Name 5 things that enviro enrichment and excrecise creates

A
  • reduced boredom
  • reduces stress and sterotypical behavoirs
  • maintains good body condition
  • improves genral fitness
  • promotes gut motility
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86
Q

What is a binky?

A

when rabbit runs jumps and twists in air and continues running

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87
Q

What is a binky a sign of?

A

Rabbit has plenty space and is happy

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88
Q

is it true that rabbits dont chew

A

no they very much do give them lots of toys and stuff to scratch on

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89
Q

name one other thing rabbits like to do

A

dig

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90
Q

when rabbits are young what can you expect they will do and what do you need to provide to accomadate them

A

explore more, curoius, small in size

so make thinsg open and wide so dont get stuck in smaller spaced

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91
Q

Younger rabbits ahve reduced undercoat coat - what may you need to consider?

A

Temperature - keep them warmer

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92
Q

why would you provide carpet flooring?

A

as the skid and dont like slippery floor

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93
Q

T/F rabbits are socail animals

A

True they like a companion even though they are very independent

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94
Q

what is the best combination for companionship in rabbits?

A

neautered male and neutered female

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95
Q

What two animals should rabbits not be kept with?

A

guinea pigs and ferrets

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96
Q

describe how to introduce rabbits to one another?

A
  • two hatched near each other so can sniff
  • then swap litter boxes into each others so can get used to smell of urine and feaces
  • when move in together should be in a neiutral place with no other smells
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97
Q

How do you deal with bereavment with two rabbits

A

put dead rabbit in with other so they can say goodbye and understand whats going on (unless death by infectoius disease)

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98
Q

Can you pick up any rabbit without bonding?

A

You should not do this as it causes instant stress in the animal

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99
Q

what makes it easier to handle rabbits?

A

If they have handled from young

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100
Q

how would you train rabbit to be handled

A

reward when they come up to you

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101
Q

when they are used to approaching whats the next step

A

patting them gently on head until they are comfotable with your touch

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102
Q

how should you approach when going to pick up a rabbit?

A

At their level

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103
Q

give two ways to pick up rabbits

A
  • One hand around the pectoral girdle and the other to support its hindquarters and full body weight
  • Scoop the rabbit against your body and place the other hand on top of the back with the rabbit’s head under your arm
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104
Q

How shuld you put rabbit back and why

A

backwards due to if the try jump they are jumping onto you whihc is softer than into kennel or hitting somthing

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105
Q

whats is the life span of the chinchilla?

A

8-9 years

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106
Q

what is the life span of a guinea pig

A

5-6 years

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107
Q

what is the life span of degu

A

7 years

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108
Q

what is the dentition on chinchilla, guinea pig and degu

A

I 1/1
C 0/0
P 1/1
M 3/3

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109
Q

T/F chinchila and Degu have the same sexaulity maturity of 6

A

True

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110
Q

what does precocial mean

A

neonates are pretty much ready to go when they are born

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111
Q

How long is chinchilli gestation peroid?

A

111 days

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112
Q

whats the life span of rats

A

2-3years

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113
Q

what is the dentition of rats and hamstersI

A

I 1/1
C0/0
P 0/0
M 3/3

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114
Q

What type of oestus do rats and hansters have

A

Poly-oestrus

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115
Q

What does it mean by rats and hamsters ahving Altricial LItters?

A

They are helpless when they come out (cant fend for themselves)

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116
Q

How can you tell a rat or hamsters diet is optimal or they are suffereing from disease

A

The orange tinge of fron insisors will fade

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117
Q

what is the life span of ferrets

A

8-10years

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118
Q

what is ferret dentition

A

I 3/3
C 1/1
P 3/3
M1/2

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119
Q

T/F ferrets have decidoius teeth

A

TRUEEEEEE

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120
Q

T/F ferrets have precocial litters

A

False - altricial

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121
Q

Are guinea pigs socail animals?

A

Yes

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122
Q

What does Diurnal mean and what small mammal can be described by it?

A

More active during the day and Guinea Pig

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123
Q

Name the 4 types of common Guinea Pigs

A
  • Rex
  • American
  • Abyssinian
  • Peruvian
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124
Q

Describe correct conditions for guinea pig

A
  • indoors
  • large pens
  • horizontal pens
  • nest box
  • newspaper
  • hiding space with two exits as get scared
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125
Q

whats the risk of putting guinea pigs and rabbits together?

A

Bordatella - lethal to pigs

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126
Q

T/F guinea pigs are omnivores

A

False - herbivores

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127
Q

Why do giunea pigs not adapt easily to diet change

A

develp dietry prefernece in early life

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128
Q

T/F give guinea pigs ceareal mix

A

Flase - dontttt

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129
Q

T/F Vitamin C is not importnat part of guinea pigs diet

A

False - very much important

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130
Q

What do quinea pigs lack meaning they have to get their vitamin C from diet?

A

Lack of enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase required to synthesize vitamin C

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131
Q

why cant giunea pigs have too much of greens?

A

can lead to fermentation in the intestine and cause pain and reduce gut motility

132
Q

How do you house chinchillas

A
  • in pairs - same sex
  • horixontal and vertical space
  • nest box
  • newspaper and hay as substrate
  • lots of ropes and things to keep them busy
133
Q

In the chinchilla enviro how should the bottom of cage be?

A

wooden so feet dont get caught in caging

134
Q

where should you keep dust bath for chinchillas?

A

out of cage or put it in for a certain time each day becuase theyw ill end up roling in feaces

135
Q

what should be avoided when feeding chinchillas

A

sugar

136
Q

what is common between degus

A

fighting

137
Q

what does the diet of a degus considt of

A

Natural diet is grass, leaves, bark, herbs, seeds, fruits

138
Q

are rats nocturnal?

A

yes - can be trained tho

139
Q

whats should the cage be like for rats?

A

well ventalated to limit respiritory problems

140
Q

why should you clean rat cages daily?

A

to stop build up of ammonia smell which isnt nice and can cause resp problems

141
Q

whats the most common breed of hamster

A

sibarian

142
Q

what do hamsters store in there cheek puches?

A

food or nest material

143
Q

should hamsters be kept individually

A

yes

144
Q

how are hamsters enviro similar to chinchillas?

A

should have solid floor and sides to protect feet

145
Q

why should you not give hamsters cotton wool to use as nesting?

A

can get caught on leg and causing swelling leadi g to derm probs

146
Q

what should you always remove when cleaning hamsters enviro

A

food in nesting area so no rotting

147
Q

why is pelleted food quite good for hamsters

A

can monitor it well

148
Q

how many hours do ferrets spend sleeping?

A

18hrs

149
Q

why do ferrets tend to nip?

A

Poor eyesight so use taste sense to figure things out so not intentonal to hurt

150
Q

whats the differences you see in male to female ferrets?

A

Male - bigger neck muscle and over all bigger, also larger anal-genital distance, os bone too

Female - smaller in stature, bigger abo-genital distance, swollen vulva when in season

151
Q

what reduced the smell produced by ferrets skin cells?

A

neautering them

152
Q

T/F ferrets are omnivores

A

False - the are strict carnivores

153
Q

why should you not feed ferets plant based anything?

A

wont be digested properly and cause gastric issues

154
Q

what kind of birds are kept in captivity?

A
  • pet birds
  • birds of prey
  • domeestic sports, fancy
  • fancy chickens
154
Q

what is the life span of a Budgie?

A

5-10 years

155
Q

what is the life span of a Cockato?

A

10-15 Years

156
Q

what is the life span of an African Grey?

A

50 years

157
Q

why do we condider 25years in african grey seniors?

A

due to managment and diet being suboptimal

158
Q

How can you tell the difference between the sub species if african Greys?

A

Congo has black beak and Timneh have pinky beak

159
Q

What difference can be seen in African Greys eyes?

A

When chicks they are dark and when the age they have an orangy tinge

160
Q

Name 3 possible ways to identify sex in parrots?

A
  • External aspect in dimorphic bird
  • During endoscopy or laparoscopy (illegal if only for sexing)
  • DNA using feathers (pulp) or blood
161
Q

Why might you compare parrots to a toddler?

A

They have blast of activity then crash

162
Q

T/F parrots have a heirarchy nature?

A

True - will exhibt this with owner if kept as pets

163
Q

What does the wildflife and countryside act say about housing parrots

A

size of the cage: “able to extend its wings in all directions”

164
Q

whats the advantages of indoor housing of parrots?

A

safer, more owner-pet interaction

165
Q

whats the disadvantage of housing parrots indoors?

A

lack of natural light, household hazards

166
Q

whats the advantages of outdoor housing of parrots?

A

stimulating environment

167
Q

whats the disadvantage of housing parrots outdoors?

A

contact with wild birds and predators

168
Q

If kept indoors what requirments need to be met?

A
  • one main cage and a smaller one
  • no toxicity material wireing - stainless steel is perfect
  • horizontal bars are good for climbing
169
Q

Should there be a room for parrots to sleep in?

A

Yes they sleep for 12hrs so needs to be dark

170
Q

What should the rooms avoid?

A

Avoid draft and direct sunshine as can cause resp and derm problems

171
Q

Perches are essential for parrots, what is the best material for you to use?

A

natural tree branches (fruit free)

172
Q

with parrots what should you do with their toys when giving them to them?

A

roatate them - dont give them all at once

173
Q

what is a big problem with parrots as pets

A

boredom

174
Q

what could you add into budgey enviro to make it feel it had companion?

A

mirror

175
Q

what is bird training good for?

A

parrot and owner relationship

176
Q

Why should parrots be below shoulder?

A

otherwise your not in full control

177
Q

What can wing clipping lead too?

A

Physiological problems, splintered feathers, imjuries of the keel and feather plucking

178
Q

What type of birds have Graniovore diet and what does this consist of?

A
  • Budgerigar, Cockatiel
  • grain and seed
179
Q

what type of birds have a Frugivore diet and what does this consist of?

A
  • Amazon and some macaws
  • eats more fruits than anything else
180
Q

What kind of birds each a Florivore diet and what does this consist of?

A

-Blue and gold macaws
- berries and flowers

180
Q

What type of birds are omniovers and what does this consist of?

A

African Greys and a little bit of everything

180
Q

What could you use instead of normal pelleted completed formula?

A

pellets with diff colours and shaoes so parrots dont get bored

181
Q

How do you know how much veggies and nuts to add into bird diet?

A

depends on what kind of diet they are on - if omnivores thwy will have a lottle less and if more plant based will ahve a little more

182
Q

Why is a seed mix not good?

A
  • too rich
  • poor in vitanins and minerals
  • its unbalanced
183
Q

Can you transition birds from seed mix to pellet diet

A

Yes - but has to be very gradual
- reduce food availibility
- gradually decrease seed and increasee pellets
- put pellets in with fav fruits to encourage them

184
Q

What can avocado cause to parrots?

A

Cardiac Failure

185
Q

What can you do with food to replicate being in the wild for parrots?

A

HIde the food

186
Q

Talk about the process of getting birds to understand you hiding their food?

A
  • place half a sheet of paper over food bowl
  • the omce uswd to that fully cover it
  • once they understand this parcel it up nect to bowl
  • once they are used to this you can hide parcel elsewhere in cage
187
Q

What must you be cautious of when handling parrats/birds?

A

BEAKSSS

188
Q

How do you handle them?

A
  • Thumb under the lower mandible or thumb and index holding both mandibles
  • Control rest of the body: especially the wings
189
Q

If birds have localised bald patched from feather plucking what could this indicate?

A
  • Pain, anxiety, boredom
190
Q

what can feather plucking lead too?

A

derm issues then self mutuation

191
Q

what is whole body baldness from feather pluching indicate?

A

systemic diseases

192
Q

what does it mean if animal is ectothermic?

A

Means animal rely on external sources of heat to regulate body temp as they have limited metabolic heat production socant regulete themselves

193
Q

what is an advantage of being ectothermic?

A
  • less energy expenditure for maintaining body temperature
  • Less food requirements
  • Ability to better survive hibernation and cool temperatures at night
194
Q

what is an disadvantages of being ectothermic?

A
  • activity dependent on the ambient temperature
  • Poor aerobic capacity
195
Q

Where does the Heart sit in a lizard?

A

further forward almost between forelimbs

196
Q

What is immediatly behind the heart in the lizard?

A

Liver, then stomach and intestines

197
Q

How is the positioning of kidneys in reptiles diff from mammals?

A

sit much more caudal in the pelvic canal region rather than mid abdomen.

198
Q

What is the body cavity called reptiles

A

Ceolomic cavity

199
Q

How do lizards escape from predators?

A

Autotomy - which is where tail falls off

200
Q

What is stored in Lizards tail?

A

Fat - so have to be caustious when they lose it as dont have lots of evergy to re grow

201
Q

T/F snakes ahve 6 rows of teeth?

A

True - one on each loer jaw and two on each upper jaw

202
Q

What does the extensible Glottis allow?

A

respiration during food ingestion

203
Q

Where in snakes does the right lung extend too?

A

near point of heart to kidney

204
Q

T/F snakes always have left lung

A

False - Snakes mainly only have right lung and either fully lack left or it is rudimental (inactive)

205
Q

what is the function of the cranial portion of right lung?

A

vascularised - gas exchange

206
Q

what is the function of the caudal portion of right lung?

A

functions mainly as an air sac & non-respiratory

207
Q

What in the snake forms together making traid seperate from liver?

A
  • gall bladder, pancreas and spleen
208
Q

Where in male snaked are the two hemipenes located?

A

pouches in the ventral tail base

209
Q

why are reptiles prone to getting resp infection?

A

not good at getting rid of debris

210
Q

T/F breath holding can be up to 33hours

A

True

211
Q

What will an increase in temp do to rate of resp?

A

It will increase hearte rate, metabolic rate, O2 demand and therefore resp rate

212
Q

What is the top of Chelonian shell called?

A

Carapace

213
Q

What is the bottom of Chelonian shell called?

A

Plastron

214
Q

T/F in chelonian the dermal bone is connected to the spinal bone?

A

True

215
Q

why if tortoise shell damaged would it bleed?

A

The scutes are epidermal and innervated

216
Q

T/F chelonians have 4 teeth

A

False - they have none

217
Q

How do chelonians breathe?

A

inhale and exhale through nares

218
Q

What shape is the liver in chelonians?

A

large and saddled shaped, located either side of coelomic cavity below lungs.

219
Q

In chelonians where does the lung fiel border expands too?

A

expand over most of the dorsal half of the coelomic cavity (top right).

220
Q

What divides the multichambered lung field?

A

Trabeculae

221
Q

what is on the resp surface in chelonians?

A

ediculi

222
Q

What is the resp system of chelonians increases gas exchange?

A

smooth muscle whihc elevates the resp surface

223
Q

How do the lungs contract and expnand in chelonains?

A

muscle movement

224
Q

T/F reptiles heart has 4 chambers?

A

False - 3 (2 atria and 1 ventricle)

225
Q

The ventricle in reptiles is divided up into how many sections and by what?

A

3 sections by muscular ridges

226
Q

What are these 3 sections called?

A

Cavum arteriosum, venosum and pulmonale​

227
Q

What happens in the Cavum arteriosum section?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from left atrium

228
Q

What happens in the Cavum venosum section?

A

Receive deoxygenated blood from right atria​

229
Q

What happens in the Cavum pulmonale section?

A

where blood passes to the pulmonary arteries then to lungs

230
Q

In reptiles describe Blood flow during normal respiration in terms of deoxygentaed blood

A
  • Deoxygenated bloodfrom general circulation is pumped via theleft & right precaval veins, left hepatic vein and post caval veininto thesinus
    venosus
  • then moves into theright atrium
  • then into thecavum venosum to the cavum pulmonale.
  • Ventricular systole initiates contraction of the cavum venosum pushing blood from venosum and pulmonale into thepulmonary circulation (via the pulmonary artery).
231
Q

In reptiles describe Blood flow during normal respiration in terms of oxygentaed blood

A
  • At the same time,oxygenated bloodis delivered from the pulmonary circulation via thepulmonary veinsinto theleft atrium.
  • From the left atrium it moves into thecavum arteriosum.
  • The AV valves then close over, and blood is directed into the cavum venosum and out via theleftaorta (straight intogeneral circulation)&right aorta(CNS first then into general circulation).
232
Q

What is apnoea?

A

where the muscles and soft tissues in the throat relax and collapse sufficiently to cause a total blockage of the airway

233
Q

What happens during apnoea or diving (fish)?

A
  • When there is an elevation in parasympathetic tone, this causes constriction of pulmonary artery & heart rate is will reduce too.
  • This raises pressure on pulmonary circuit which encourages a R to L shift and effectively is one of the ways that reptiles can remove the lungs from circulation.
234
Q

Due to the constriction of the pulonary artery what increases during apneoa?

A

there is an increased pressure within the cavum pulmonale which then pushes blood across back into the cavum venosum which then leaves mainly via the left aorta into systemic circulation.

235
Q

when in reptiles in the renal portal system activated?

A

during peroids of dehydration to preserve tubulae function

236
Q

T/F reptiles have very large nucleated red blood cells

A

True

237
Q

Why in reptiles should you avoid EDTA tubes for blood sampling

A

causes hemolysis in some species

238
Q

When snake ingests prey what happens physiologically?

A
  • metabolism increases up to 40 times
  • heart, liver, pancreaes, digestive tract and kidney all increase in size
239
Q

What is the rate of digestion in snakes related too?

A

Temperature - so if cold it will reduce and be slower process

240
Q

What is the cloaca in reptiles?

A

common exit of the digestive, repro and urinary systems

241
Q

what are the three chambers of the cloaca and what are there functions?

A
  • Coprodeum: cranial chamber and collects faeces
  • Urodeum: middle = drainage area for the ureters (or bladder if present) & reproductive tract
  • Proctodeum: caudal chamber & common exit for excretion
242
Q

describe kidneys in lizards?

A

slightly lobulated & slightly elongated

243
Q

describe kidneys in snakes?

A

lobulated & elongated with coin stacked appearance

244
Q

describe kidneys in chelonains?

A

wide, flat and lobulated

245
Q

what do all snakes, chelonains and lizards kindeys lack?

A

loop of henle , pyramins and cortex

246
Q

where do snakes, lizards and chelonains ureters empty into?

A

urodeum

247
Q

What animlas have Paired extracloacal hemipenes

A

snakes and lizards

248
Q

what animals have Single intracloacal phallus

A

chelonains

249
Q

what are the three cycles in reptiles for females

A
  • Quiescent
  • Vitelligenic
  • Gravidity/ Pregnancy
250
Q

describe the oviarity gestation

A

where the eggs are laid quite early after fertilisation

251
Q

describe the viviparity gestation

A

birthing of live young

252
Q

what are the three membrane layers of reptilain shell called and what is their function

A
  • amniotic membrane: surrounds embryo
  • chorionic (kaw-ron-ick) membrane: covers inside of egg
  • allantois (allan- toe- is) membrane: middle of other two. Used to storage urea/uric acid excreted by embryo.
253
Q

what is the main form on nutrition for developing reptalian embryos

A

yolk sac

254
Q

what is the function of jacobson organs?

A

detect odour particles and pheromones

255
Q

what are the two main groups of fish?

A
  • Cartilaginous, e.g. sharks and rays
  • Bony (teleost) including ornamental fish, salmon etc (which we will focus on today)
256
Q

what do fins help with?

A

locomotion and stability.

257
Q

where do find fins on a fish?

A

pectoral, dorsal, pelvic, adipose, anal, and tail.

258
Q

where is the heart located in fish

A

underneath gills at the back of the head

259
Q

what is a pyloric ceacum?

A

blind ended sac that secreates digestive enzymes and absorbs nutrients

260
Q

where are the kidneys found in fish

A

dorsally and run along the length of the body cavuty

261
Q

T/F the spleen is the only lymph node in fish

A

true

262
Q

describe the external surface of fish and its function

A
  • lots of goblet cells that secrete protective mucous layer
  • made up of a mixtire of glycoproteins and other bioactive substances
  • its function is protection, disease and parasite resistance and energy conservation
263
Q

what are scales?

A

flexivble calcified plates

264
Q

what is the lateral line system in fish?

A

series of small pores that open into external surafce and run along the flank

265
Q

what happens ait the site of the gills in fish

A

gas exchange

266
Q

how are the gills composed?

A

Typically 4 gill arches
Primary lamella
Secondary lamella
Gill rakers

267
Q

how does fish resp system work interms of inspiration?

A

Water enters mouth and is pumped over the lamella in the gills.

Gill slits closed.

Blood within capillary network in gills takes up dissolved oxygen.

Oxygen moves around the body via efferent arteries.

268
Q

how does fish resp system work interms of expiration?

A

Mouth becomes closed by oral valves and water exits via gill-slits.

269
Q

how does the gas exchange work in fish?

A

Counter-current mechanism to enhance diffusion of substances in and out of gills - blood and water flow in opposite diresctions

270
Q

T/F fish have a 3 chambered heart?

A

False - 2

271
Q

is there any other chmabers of fish hearts?

A

yes - two sub chambers

272
Q

what happens with blood is fish cardiac system?

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the atrium through thin-walled sac = sinus venosus (contains pacemaker cells for initiating contractions).

Blood passes into ventricle and out thick-walled structure = bulbus arteriosus.

273
Q

what happens at the bulbus arteriosus?

A

Can expand to act as reservoir for ventricular bloodduring diastole to smooth out pulse pressure before blood travels to gills

274
Q

What does Squamata mean?

A

Scales all over

275
Q

What does Testudines mean?

A

have shell

276
Q

what are the main husbandry considerations?

A

Temperature
Light
Humidity
Type of enclosure
Furnishing
Diet

277
Q

What does the preffered optimal temperature zone depend on?

A

Species, age and season

278
Q

What does reduced temperature do in reptiles?

A

Slows everything down

279
Q

What are problems related to this?

A

Immunosuppression leading to infection
Change in behavior and lethargy – not good for wellbeing
Increased in basking time
Stress
Reduced appetite/reduced drinking
Reduced metabolism leading to poor growth and poor wound healing/drug absorption

280
Q

What animals are heat mats a good source of heat for?

A

ones effected by sunlight

281
Q

What can heat rocks lead too?

A

Thermal burns

282
Q

Where should heat come fromin diurnal species?

A

above

283
Q

where should heat come from in nocturnal species?

A

below

284
Q

what is the average temperature a reptile verarium be kept at?

A

28 degrees

285
Q

Why is good ventialtion in reptile inclosures important?

A
  • as heat might build up and be too much
  • bacteria build up prevention
286
Q

T/F reptiles need visible and UV light

A

True

287
Q

What does the UV light mimic?

A

UV lamp in order to mimic the light wavelength of the sun

288
Q

Why do reptiles need uv light

A
  • some need it as it regulates their day
  • UV light also helps absorb calcium so has bone development benefits
289
Q

Describe how to place UV lamp in inclosure for most benificial impact?

A
  • The UV light source should be within the enclosure as it is filtered by glass
  • UV-b radiation diminishes with the distance from the source- it needs to be placed at a distance of 20-30 cm from the animal
  • It should been placed near a heating source - warm skin activates the entire process of vitamin D3 production
  • lamp should be chnaged reguarly
290
Q

What type of reptiles need less UV

A

nocturnal

291
Q

T/F calcium and vitamin D supplementation is needed in reptuiles?

A

TRueeeeeee

292
Q

How do you add Calcium and D3 supplement?

A

sprinkle on food or gut load ordust insects

293
Q

What can calcium deficeny lead to in reptiles?

A

metabilic bone disease

294
Q

What might you see in cholneins with bone disease?

A

deformed soft shell with a beak deformity

295
Q

T/F it isnt important to keep reptiles hydrated?

A

FALSE - so so imporntant

296
Q

what are ways that you can keep reptiles hydrated

A
  • water bowl big enough for them to go in?
  • humidity chmaber
  • misting system
  • bathing
297
Q

What reptile dosent recognize standing water and what do they use instead?

A
  • Chameleons and they use moving water or dripping water from leaves so use misting system?
298
Q

How do you sex tortoises?

A

Male: longer tail and cloaca positioned distally near the tip of the tail
Female : shorter tail and cloaca close to the body

Plastron concavity in male

Males have a penis situated in the ventral midline of the cloaca.
Females can have a cloacal organ too!

299
Q

Hpow do you handle a tortoise?

A

with two hands like a panini

300
Q

Describe how to house tortoises?

A
  • open top
  • astro turf or newspaper
  • area with soil for digging
  • hiding place
  • shallow water tray
  • infa red (left on day and night)
  • heating source too
301
Q

What is tortoises diet like?

A

They are herbivore. grasses, hay and vairity of weeds. cabbage, kale, spinich etc. well mixed so there is no selective feeding.

302
Q

How does hibernation of tortoises chnage?

A

2-3 weeks for first year
2-3 months in winter
2-3 yr old can last up to 10months

303
Q

what temp shuld tortoises hibernate at?

A

4 degrees

304
Q

Name 3 main snakes youll deal with?

A
  • boa constricter
  • royal python
  • corn snake
305
Q

describe how to sex snakes

A
  • males have longer and wider tails
  • you can sex by probing which is where you insert a thin metal rod (called a snake probe) into the cloacal vent of the snake while it is awake - males have longer
306
Q

How should you handle snakes?

A
  • one hand to control head and the other hand to support the body ( dont let them dangle they dont really like it )
307
Q

Describe how you should house snakes?

A
  • Glass or wooden vivarium
  • should be able to fully stretch out
  • newspaper as bedding
  • hiding box
  • branches
  • water bowls
  • UV night
  • head source but rember to cage lights as they will wrap themselves around it
308
Q

Describe snakes diet?

A
  • thawed rodents the size of the snakes head
309
Q

T/F snakes also need calcium suppliment

A

False - no need

310
Q

How would you sex lizards?

A
  • Males have more promenent femoral pores than females
  • males have two hemipenis sitauted in the tail base
  • males have hemipenal bulges
    -females have less bright colours
311
Q

How should you handle lizards?

A
  • control the head to stop biting
    -control of limbs to prevent scratches
  • wrap in towel
  • cover head
312
Q

In what lizzard should you control tail when handling

A

iguana

313
Q

why do you have to be careful of when handling of geckos?

A
  • they can loose tail and obvs is a fat source so if already unwell not fab
314
Q

How should you house lizzards?

A

Provide as much space as possible
Generally kept in a vivarium (Except chameleons)
Newspaper as bedding, hiding space, branches
UV light
water bowl
moss
heat mat

315
Q

What is it important to know when housing lizzards

A

Important to know if they are diurnal/nocturnal
Terrestrial or arboreal

316
Q

what kind of space do chamelions needs?

A

vertical so the can climb and water drips down leaves

317
Q

what kind of diet do igunanas have

A

strict herbivores

318
Q

what is a bearded dragons diet look like?

A

ominorves/insectivores

319
Q

what are chameleons and geckos diets like?

A

insectivores

320
Q

what is ecdysis?

A

shedding of skin - commen in reptiles

321
Q

what is ecdysis controled by and when is it more commen?

A

controlled by thyroid gland and more commen in juveniles

322
Q

what is Dysecdysis?

A

not shedding properly - Skin shed in pieces, retention of spectacles in snake

323
Q

what causes Dysecdysis?

A

Poor husbandry and diet
Poor humidity
Dehydration
Malnourishment
Not abrasive surface

BVMS 2 (18 decks)

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