Module 7 Wk 3 Flashcards
what is rigor mortis?
sustained muscle contraction after death caused by the absence of adequate ATP production
what is the motor unit?
myofibers innervated by a single axon
what kind of movement does small motor units?
fine movement
what kind of movement does large motor units produce?
generation of force
how would you examine muscle in vivo?
clinical pathology
- CK, ALT, AST count
- myoglobin
Electrophysiology
- electromyography - needle straight to muscle
- electroneougraphy - stimulate nerve to see what is going on eith the muscle
how would you examine muscle ex vivo?
Gross examination
- size
- texture
- colour
histological examination
what are the different responses muscles give in response to insults?
- hypertrophy
- atrophy
- degeneration and necrosis
- regeneration
- chronic myopathic change
why is it only a possibli;ity and not super commen for muscle to regenerate?
As muscles are post mitotic tissue so stable.
what happens to the size of the myofibers during atrophy of muscle?
reduced
What is the earliest stage of degeneration seen?
hypercontraction
what can be seen at hyaline degeneration?
homogenously eosinophillica fibres and loss of straitions
T/F you dont see mineralisation with acute necrossi of muscle
false see it with all necrosis
What is segmental degeneration and necrosis classified based upon?
- distribution and time line
what does regeneration of muscle depend on?
intact staellite cells and extent of damgae to basal lamina
If basal lamina is intact what happens?
- macrophages enter and remove debris
- satillite cells become myoblasts
- myoblasts fuse to form myotubes
- essentail structures reformed
- nuclei move to perfiferal position
= regeneration
what might you see with a vascular response in muscles?
Ischemia which is where blood flow is resricted or reduced
what are the potentail causes of ischemia?
- occlusion of large blood vessel
- external pressue on a muscle
- internal oressue on a muscle
- vasculitis - inflamation of the blood cells
what sensitive cells would you see during ischemia?
- myofibers
- satallite cells
- fibroblasts
What is the action of bacteria that causes inflammation in the muscle?
- penetrates wounds
- spread from adjacent site
- heamatogenous
what does nespora canium cause in muscle?
Causes cysts with bradyziotes in the tissue
What muscles does trichinella spiralis effect?
toungue, masticatory muscles, resp muscles and muscles of the eye
What types of injuries cause traumatic pathology of muscles?
- crushing injuries
- lacerations
- tearing or ruptures
What muscle is most likely to rupture?
diaphram
Name 4 congenital conditions that effect muscles
- x linked muscle dystrophy
- labrador centronuclear mypopathy
- hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
- euine polysaccharide storage myopathy
What is oxidative injury of muscle due too?
loss of antioxidant defense mechanism
what can toxins cause in muscles?
multifocal and monophasis/polyphasis necrosis
whats the basic structure of a tendon?
collegen bundles arranged around a central elongated collection of tenocytes and capilarries
Describe a tenocyte?
- longitudinal rows alongside the collagen fibrils
- respond to mechanical signals
- synthesize and degrade all of the collagenous and non collagenous matrix
- repair the tendon matrix
Describe the accute phase of injury in tendons?
- inflammation
- lasts for several days
- inflam cells and pro-inflam mediators and cytokines
Describe the subacute phase of injury in tendons?
- Proliferation
- 3-6 weeks post injury
- inflammatory cells replaced by fibroblast cells and small blood vessels
- fibroblast migrate into the tendon from two sites - sheath and epitenon
describe the chronix phase of injury in tendons
- more than 3 months post injury
- features like scar tissue, disorganised collagen fibrils, increased numbers of fibroblasts and enlarged endotenon
- months to years
what are three problems in tendon healing?
- no regeneration - fasicles stuck together and destroyed by scar tissue
- ruptures may occur at margins of normal scar tissue
- persistance of inflammatory cells in endotenon
Describe an SDFT injury
- usually mid-metacarpal region
- risk of injury increases with age and intensity of excersise
- often preceded by a period of microdamage
How does excersise accelarate the level of microdamage?
via
- mechanical overload
- hyperthermia
- hypoxia
Describe how there is mechanical overload in the SDFT
- SDFT converts both potential and kenetic energy into elastic energy
- reduces muscle energy expenditure so increases the efficiency of locomotion
- there is a low meachnical safety margin though meaning that high levels of force break the collagen fibrils and alter the microscopic stucture of the tendon
How can there be hyperthermia in the tendon?
- not all elastic energy is returned during recoil of the tendon
- some is lossed as heat as there innefficient dissipation of heat within the tendon core due to poor vascular supply
what are features of advanced microdamage in the SDFT?
- red core lesion
- no clinical signs
- no swelling
- visible on ultasound
- when looking histologically there is more type 3 collagen
Describe parasitic diseases of tendons?
Onchocerca spp
- adult worm in tendon, tendon sheath, CT of brisket or abdominal wall
- microfilariae migrate to skin, picked up by blood sucking parasite
- passed on
Describe degenerative diseases of tendons?
suspensory desmitis - is changes in proteoglycan decomposition
What limbs are more prone to being lamb in horses?
forelimb
When investigating lameness in horses what patient information should you gather?
- breed
- age
- sex
- duration of ownership
- prior to purchase examination?
- current management
When taking a horse history from client what should you be interested in?
- the owners description of lamness - how long and nature of onset
- Any external trauma
- Any localising signs
- Horses respons to therapy
- Any prevoius lameness
What are the natures of onset that can be seen in horse lameness?
- sudden onset - acute traumatic injuries which often improve with rest
- rapid onset - severe lameness, freuently with wound
- gradual onset - slowly progressive, low grade lameness
when your genrally inspecting horse for lamness what should you look for?
- posture
- asymmetry
- BCS
- foot and limb conformation
What would you do on a detailed examination of the limb?
- close inspection
- palpation - heat, swelling, pain and digital pulse strength
- maniculation - reduced range of movement
- compare L and R
When should you not do a gait analysis in a horse?
When a fracture is suspected
What is gait evaulation good for identifying?
bilateral lameness
What are the aims of a flexion test?
- To exacerbate mild lameness/ provoke lameness
- To localise teh lesion causing the lamness
What are the two techniques used when performing diagnostic local analgesia?
- perineural - nerve block
- intrasynovial - joint/tendon sheath/ bursa block
what are the 2 nerve blocks you can do?
- abaxial sesamoid nerve block
- palmar digital nerve block
when looking at the limb conformation in the horse what is ideal?
The foot should be positioned symmetrucally beneath the limb and the foot contact the ground close to level
What should we see in lateral view of the forelimbs?
- refrence line = perpendicular from tuberosity at midpoint of scapular spine all the way doen to the ground level with heel bulbs
when looking at forelimbs crainally what should toes be doing?
toes of feet point straight ahead - abnormal if out or in
What is carpal valgus in horses?
outward roataion of limbs
what can happen if the carpal valgus is severe?
altered loading of carpys so joint disease
Qhat is carpal varus?
- inwards roatation
What is the lateral vie of hindlimbs of horse?
Perpendicular from tubera ischium meets ground 7.5-10cm plantar to foot
What is sickle hocks?
Excessive angulation of the hock so horse stands under from hock distally
Whats is sickle hocks due too?
Probably due to overload of dorsal apsect of sistal hock joints
What is excessive staight behind in Horse limbs?
Reduced angulation of hock, increased angulation of stifle and fetlock
What is dorsopalmber foot imblanace in horses?
increasment of load on the heels, DDFT and the navicular bone
How should you go about managing dorsopalmer foot imbalance?
- remedial
- farrier
- aim is to have more upright foot conformation, straight hoof- pattern axis
What could a equine foot that is broken backwards be caused by?
A result of a long toe, low heel foot conformation
What could a equine foot that is broken forwards be caused by?
A result of increased heel height relative to dorsal wall or a reduction in pastern slope
What is increased heel height seen in broken forward feet associated with?
Recession of frog and reduction in shock absorbtion resulting in increased loading of pedal bone at impact
What in horses is the movement of the hindlimbs realative to trunk determined by?
hip joint
T/F horses hindlimbs are mainly for perpulsion
True
What does the sacro-iliac joint allow?
- it is first fuberous joint of hindlimb between the pelvis and vertrbrae column that allows trabsfer of forces from hindlimb onto vet colomn
what are the 4 compartments of the pelvis?
- ilium - most cranial
- ischium - most caudal
- pubis - more cranail than ischium
- acetabular bone - all bones meet here
T/F the pelvic symphsis becomes bones over time
true
describe the ilium of the pelvis
There is the wing and body
What orientation is the wing of ilium in the cat and dog?
vertically - tall and narrow
What orientation is the wing of ilium in the Horses and ruminants?
Horizonatally
What projections are there in horses and ruminants?
- medial projection - tuber sacrale
- lateral projection - tuber coxae
What is the name of the formen present in the ischium and what runs through this?
obturator foreman where the obturator nerve runs through
What is the feature of the ischium that is the muscle attachment for the reproductive organs?
The ischiatic arch
What is the tuber ischium and whats different about them in the cow?
They are arge round protrusions at the inferoposterior aspect of the ischium - in cows they are triangle shaped
What forms the cranial aspect of the pelvic floor?
Pubis
What forms the arch where the pre-pubic tendon attaches too? and what else attaches here?
- Pubis
- the rectus abdominis muscle
What is the shape of the acetabulum and what is it for?
- cup shaped and boundary for other bones
What are the 3 components of the acetabulum?
Lunate surface
- cresent shaped
- articular surface of hip joint
- covered in hyaline cartilage
acetabular notch
- ventral deficit
- filled by tranverse ligament
acetabular fossa
- central non-articular area (depression)
- attachment of ligament of head of femur
Name the centres of ossification in the pelvis
Main
- illium bone - fuse together to form two halves
- acetabular fuses before born and pelvis symphysis last
Secondary
- dorsal wings of illium
- tuber ischium
- ischiatic arch
Where and what type of joint is the sacro-iliac joint of the pelvis?
- sacrum - wing of the illium
- fibrous joint = fused
What is the function of the sacro-iliac joint?
Transmits forces from hindlimb during locomotion so not much movement
Whats the difference between dog and horse/cow sacrums?
Dogs have 3 fused sacral vert and horses/cows have 5 fused vert
Describe the sacrotuberous/sacrosiatic ligament in large species
- A broad fiberous sheet
- runs from sacrum and inserts on the ilium and ischium
- gaps for nerbes to pass through
- relaxes at parturition
Describe the sacrotuberous/sacrosiatic ligament in the dog
- Caudal edges remain fiberous whihc provides anchorage for sutures during mucle repair surgery
What type of bone is the femur?
Long bone
How can you tell between the femur and humerus
Humerus is s shaped and femur is straight
What is the shape of the femur head and what does it articulate with?
- Almost sepherical
- Articulates with the acetebulum of pelvis to make hip joint
What is the fovea of the femur?
- It is a depression of rough bone covered in periosteum
- Attachment ligament of head of femur
What angle does the neck of the femur form?
Angle between head and body of femur
Describe the medial and lateral condyles on the caudal aspect of femur?
- Smooth bone
- forms articular surfaces with tibia which forms the stifle joint
Describe the intercondylar fossa seen on caudal aspect of femur
- Rough bone
- non-articular
- attachment of ligamanents
On the crainial aspect of femur what ridges and grooves do we see?
- medial and lateral trochlear ridges
- trochlear groove which has a smooth surface, covered in hyaline cartilidge and articulates with patella so important for stifle
Where are the centres of ossification in the femur?
Head
Greater + Lesser trochanter
Body
Distal epiphysis (medial condyle + lateral condyle)
Femoral trochlea (some authors)
Names the two components of the hip joint?
- head of the femur
- acetabulum of pelvis
what extends the lunate surface of the acetabulum of pelvis?
The labrum whihc provides stability
What provides the hip joint with stability?
- ligament of head of femur
- teres ligament from fovea to acetabular fossa
- surrounding muscle mass
- intraarticular ligaments
Describe the movement of the hip joint in the dogs?
Large range of movement
Pivotal point:
- Hip flexion = limb protraction
- Hip extension = limb retraction
- Abduction
- Adduction
T/F horse has same movement at hip joint that dog does?
False - horse has limited movement to felxion and extension
What is the accessory ligament at the hip joint of horse?
It is a continuation of prepubic tendon and attached to head of femur acting like an elastic band
Describe the blood supply to the hip joint
There is a joint capsule around the neck where vessesl run from to the head of femur
Why is the blood supply at hip joint vulnerable to damage?
due to bottleneck effect of bloof supply
What can this bottleneck cause here?
Femoral fractures - neck fracture, head physis seperation (through growth plate)
can then cause avascuar necrosis
Between the fibula and tibia which is weight bearing?
Tibula
What the difference between small and large animals when it comes to fibula?
In small animal it just articulates with tibia lateral aspects at the distal and proximal ends whereas in large animals ithe fibula is fused to tibia
At the distal end of the tibia and fibula there is attachment sites, what are these called and what is attached?
- medial and lateral malleolus
- attachment of medial and lateral collateral ligament of hock
At the proximal end what are the 4 features we see at tibia?
- tibial plate - medial and lateral condyle
- intercondylar ridge
- tibial crest
- tibial tuberosity
What are the med and lat condyles articular surfaces for?
Smooth boney surfaces that articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of femur
T/F the intercondylar ridge articules?
False - non-articular rough bone where the ligament attachment of stifle joint
Where is the insertion of the patella ligament?
tibial tuberosity
T/F there are 5 centers of ossification in the tibia
False - 4
- proximal end epiphysis
- tibial tuberosity
- body (diaphysis)
- distal end epiphysis
In carnivores how many centres of ossification does the fibula have?
3 max
What is the stifle joint comprised of?
- femorotibial joint
- Femoropatellar joint
- proximal tibiofibular (if fibual present)
- femur - paired sesamoids (carnivores)
What are the articular surfaces of the femorotibial joint?
Lateral & medial femoral condyles
Lateral & medial tibial condyles
What extra structures in life aid the congruation of the femoral and tibial condyles?
Menisci - theses are c shaped wedges of cartilage that attach to tibial condyles via short ligaments
Where in the femorotibial joint is the attachment for the interarticular ligments?
- Intercondylar fossa
- Intercondylar eminence
What ligaments provide the femorotibial joint with stability?
- medial and lateral collateral ligamants
- caudal and cranial cruciate ligaments
Where do the cruciate ligaments attach too?
From intercondylar eminence on femur to the intercondylar fossa on the tibia
What do the cruiciate ligaments resist and prevent?
Rotation and excessive cranial and caudal movement so no massive move which could cause cranial or caudal dislocation of the tibia and femur
What are the components of the femoropatellar joint?
- trochlear groove on femur
- Patella - embedded in patellar ligament
What provides the femoropatellar with stability?
no later movement
- meadial and lateral trochlear ridges
- lateral and medial collaterla femoro-patellar ligments
- fascia coming from muscles
proximal and distal glide only
- patella pulled proximally into groove = stilfle extensions
- patella pulled distally = stifle extensions
Describe the sesamoid bones associated with the stifle joint
Patella x1
- in all species
- cat pointy dog less
- horse diamond
fabellae x2
- in the gastrinemius muscle
- cant see in large animals
Popliteal
- can see in cats and dogs
- in the popliteal muscle that wraps around the stifle
so how many sesamoids assc with stifle joint exist in large animals?
1
T/F the stifle joint is not a synovial joint?
False - it is
The stifle joint has an extensive joint capsule what are the compartments?
- femoro-patellar
- laterla femoro-tibial
- medial femoro-tibial
is there good or poor communication between the 3 compartments in the horse?
No its poor
Whats the difference with the horses trochlear ridge?
The medial trochlear ridge is much larger than lateral and has an extral tubercle at the proximal end
Describe the 2 parts of the trochlear groove in the horse?
- Vertical = gliding (prox and distal movement)
- Horizontal = resting (locking mechanism where knee is extended meaning other can rest)
What are the three patellar ligaments and where do they run from?
- medial, middle and lateral
- middle runs from patella itself
- medial and lateral runs from the cartilidge assotiated with patella
Where do all 3 patella ligaments insert onto?
Tibial tuberosity
Describe the 5 stages of the patellar locking mechanism?
- Patella pulled proximally in trochlear groove as stifle extended
- Patella rotated medially via quadriceps contacting
- Engages horizontal / resting surface
- Tubercle of medial trochlear ridge now sits between middle & medial patellar ligaments
- Locks joint in extension
Describe locomotion of the hindlimb?
- hip joint moves in all directions
- abduction (carnivores only) via dorsal thigh muscles
- adduction via medial and ventral thigh muscles
- protraction via hip flexion and cranial thigh muscles
- retraction via hip extensions and caudal thigh muscles
What is the dorsal thigh muscle?
Gluteal muscle
What is the function of the gluteal muscle?
- hindlimb abductor (dog)
- hindlimb retractor/hip extensor (horse)
What is the origin and insertion point of the gluteal mucsle?
origin - sacrum and pelvis
insertion - greatertrochanter of femur
What nerve supplies the gluteal muscle?
Gluteal nerve
What are the medial/ventral thigh muscles?
GAPE
- Gracilis
- Adductor
- Pectineus
- External obturator
What is the function of the GAPE muscles?
Adduction
what nerve supplies the GAPE muscles?
obturator nerve
What are the cranial thigh muscles?
- Quadriceps
- sartorius
- iliopsoas
What is the function of the quadricep muscles?
stifle extensor
what nerve supplies the cranial thigh muscles?
The femoral nerve
Does the sartorius have two heads?
yes medial and lateral
What is the function of the sartorius muscle?
Stifle extensor and hip flexor
What is the function of the iliopsoas muscle?
hip flexor
what are the caudal thigh muscles?
- biceps femoris
- semitendinous
- semimembranosus
What nerve supplies the caudal thigh muscles?
the sciatic nerve
what are the functions of the beceps femoris muscle?
- hip extensore
- stifle flexor
- hock extensor
what are the functions of the semitendinous and semimebranous muscles?
- hip extensor
- stifle flexor
- (hock extensor)
What is the definitions of lame?
Incapable of normal locomotion or deviating from a normal gait
What could be the cause of lameness?
Pain, mechanical or normal
List the things you would do to diagnose the cause of lameness?
- History
- Observation
- Physical examination - general and focussed
- Diagnostic investigations
- gait analysis
Name the diagnostic examination procedures you could do to find the cause of lamness?
- Radiography
- Ultrasound
- Advanced imaging – CT, MRI
- Synovial fluid examination
- Arthroscopy
- (scintigraphy)
When doing a gair anaylsis what is a question you could ask owner to help you understand if what you seeing is the animals normal movement?
“Is the animal having a good or bad day today”?
What should you do when performing a clinical exam?
- leave the lame / painful leg until last (if possible)
- palpate with the animal standing, from proximal to distal
- examine foot then manipulate from distal to proximal, usually with animal in lateral recumbency
What should you compare when palpating the limbs?
symmetry of
- muscle atrophy
- thickening / swelling
- joint effusion
- heat
- pain
What you should look for when manipulating the limbs to fine lameness cause?
- instability: laxity, sub-luxation or - luxation*
- pain?
range of motion: - flex, extend, abduct, adduct, rotate
- reduced or increased?
What test can you do at the shoulder?
Biceps test - abduct and adduct to asses medial instability under sedation/GA
At the hip what can you do in conscoius animal?
flex, extend and abduct
What can you do to stifle in conscouis animal?
- flex, extend, assess collateral stability, patellar stability, cranial tibial test, cranial draw test (better done under GA/sedation
What does the tarsus proximal row consist of?
- talus
- calcaneus
What does the tarsus middle row consist of?
- central and 4th tarsal bone
What does the tarsus distal row consist of?
- 1,2,3 and 4th (tall so goes between rows) tarsal bone
In the horse how is the tarsus different?
the 1st and 2nd tarsal bones are fused in distal row and the 3rd one is very large
name all 4 joints in the tarsus region?
- tibio-trasal joint
- proximal intertarsal joint
- distal intertarsal joint
- tarso-metatarsal joint
What joint of the tarsus has the most movement?
Tibrio-tarsal joint
What is the proximal intertarsal joint between?
talus, calcaneus and central, 4th tarsal bones
what is the distal intertarsal joint between?
central bone and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd tarsal bones
What prevents overreach injury in horses?
Limb protraction and hock flexion
- distal hindlimb directed lateral to forelimbs
What provides the tarsus with stability?
- Collateral ligaments:
- Long: Tibia – metatarsal bone – normal ones
- Short: Bridge bone – bone – in between each row
- Clinical significance: dressage horses - Fibrocartilagenous reinforcement of joint capsule at planter aspact
- Retinaculum – fiberous tissue that acts like a tubullcle band providing stability
- Plantar ligament - ‘Curb’ – inflammation that minaralises
what bone in the tarsus has 2 centres of ossification?
calcaneus
what are the distal hindlimb muscles at cranial aspect of tibial region?
- cranial tibial muscle
- peroneus muscle - peroneus longus and peroneus tertius muscles
- long digital extensor muscle
what are the distal hindlimb muscles at caudal aspect of tibial region?
- common calcanean tendon
- gastrocnemius muscle
- superficial digital flesor muscle
- deep digital flexor tendon
what are all cranial muscles at tibial region?
hock flexors
what does the long digital extensor also do along with flexion of the hock?
It is a digital extensor
What nerve supplies the muscles of the cranial aspect of the tibial region?
The peroneal/fibular nerve
What makes up the common calcanean tendon?
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosis
- gracilis
- gastrocnemius
- superficial digital flexor
what are all caudal muscles at tibial region?
Hock extensor +/- digital extensor
What nerve supplies the muscles of the caudal aspect of the tibial region?
The tibial nerve
if you have a resting forelimb in a horse what does it indicate?
lameness
What system at the stifle prvents collapsion into flexion?
patellar locking system
What system at the hock prevents collapsion into flexion?
reciprocal apparatus
Describe the recipricol apparatus in horse
- peroneus tertius at the cranial aspect of the tibia region
- superficial digital flexor at the caudal aspect of the tibial region
- acts as a pully mechanism
stifle and hock move together
What do the metatarsalphalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joint prevent?
Hyperextention
How does the metararsalpahlangeal joint return back to normal after flexion and extension?
via the suspenosry apparatus
Explain how suspensory apparatus working in the hindlimb?
- The suspensory ligament is attached to the planter aspect of the 3rd metatarsal bone
- Then attached to the proximal sesamoids
- This branches medially and laterally ( distal sesamoidean ligaments)
- thes pass dorsally going onto digital extensor tendon
What are the 4 emerging peripheral nerves that suppl the hindlimb?
- GLuteals
-obturator
-femoral - sciatic - fibular/peroneal and tibial
What is the route of the gluteal nerve?
Runs over dorsal surface body of ilium
What is the function of the gluteal nerve?
To supply gluteal muscles
What is the route of the obturator nerve?
Passes through the obturator forame formed by pubis and ischium, the a short route to medial thigh
What is the function of the obturator muscle?
Supplies the GAPE muscles
What is a clinical concideration to think about at parturition in cows?
If the obturater nerve is damaged due to parturition
What is the route of the femoral nerve?
short route to cranial thigh from plexus
what is the function of the femoral nerve?
To supply cranail thigh muscles
- Illiopsoas
-sartorius
- quadriceps
What branch of the femoral nerve provide cutanous sensation?
Saphenous branch
-runs doen the medial branch of the limb
if there is damge to the femoral nerve what cant you do?
- extend stifle
- weight bear
- loss of patellar reflex if there is damage to branch
what is the route of the sciatic nerve
runs over dorsal surface of ilium
passes caudal to hip
runs deep into biceps demoris
what is the function of the scatic nerve?
supplies the caudal thigh muscles
- biceps femoris
- semitendinsous
-semimembranosous
What is the function of the tibial nerve?
supplies caudal tibial muscles
- gastroneamius
- superficial digital flexor
- deep digital flexor
what does the tibial nerve provode cutanous sensation too?
caudal/plantar aspect limb
what is the function of the peroneal/fbular nerve?
supply cranial tibial muscles
- cranial tibial
- peroneus group
- long digital extensor
describe the blood supply in the hindlimb?
- the external iliac artery leaves abdominal aorta and becomes the femoral artery at hip level whihc runs through thigh region which becomes the popliteal artery whihc then branches
Describe the venous drainage in the hindlimb?
deep system
- follows arterial supply
Superficial system
- lateral sephenous vein - drains into vena cava (dogs)
- medial saphenous vein - cats anf horses
what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
caudal - pectinues
cranial - sartorius
what are the contents of the femoral triangle?
- femoral vein, artery and nerve
Why is lameness in horses important?
- most commen health problem health problems in horses
- it indicates pain, reduces performance and has economic impacts
What is gait in horses?
- Coordinated pattern of repetitive limb movements used in locomotion
- Vertical head and pelvic movements associated with those of the limbs
Describe a stride in horses?
- Stance (foot on ground)
- Push off (the take off)
- Swing (limb swings forward)
How does gait relate to lameness?
If there is a gait abnormality it indicates lamness
What are the aims of a gait assesment?
- Determine whether horse is lame
- Identify lame limb(s)
- Quantify severity of lameness, i.e. grade it
- Differentiate primary and compensatory lameness
what should you do before watching the horse move?
- inspect and palpate for heat/swelling/pain/digital pulse
- joint manipulation - pain and range of motion
- hoof tester application
What can you note about the head movement in horse in one complete stride cycle?
- Head moves down and up twice
- Minimum head height occurs at mid stance
- Maximum head height occurs after stance phase, just prior to start of stance phase of contralateral forelimb
What should you use as referce for movement of netire pelvis?
The tubera sacrale
what will you see with entire pelis normally?
- Pelvis moves down and up twice
- Minimum pelvic height at mid stance
- Maximum pelvic height after stance phase, just prior to start of stance phase of contralateral hindlimb
What is the tubera coxae movement like?
- simialr movement pattern to entire pelvis but the movement is asymmetrical for each stride resulting in pelvic rotation
- Minimum height during ipsilateral stance
- Maximum height following ipsilateral push-off
