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BVMS 2 > Module 7 Wk 2 > Flashcards

Module 7 Wk 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what produces the matix in cartlidge?

A

chrondroblasts

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2
Q

what maintains matrix in cartilidge?

A

chrondrocytes

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3
Q

what does ECM consist of in cartilidge?

A

fibres for rigidty
ground substances for resiliencyw

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4
Q

what does the fibre depends on within cartilidge?

A

what type of cartilidge

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5
Q

what does avascular mean?

A

no blood supply

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6
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilidge

A
  • hyaline
  • fibrocartilidge
    -elastic cartilidge
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7
Q

what is the most commen type of cartilidge?

A

hyaline

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8
Q

what does hyaline cartilidge form?

A

temp skeleton in embryo which is gradually replaced by bone (long bones)

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9
Q

what is hyaline cartilidge made from?

A

u- abundent ground substance plus a few type 2 collogen fibres

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10
Q

where would you find hyaline cartilidge in adults?

A

articulating surface of moveable joints, walls of resp passages , costal cartilidge

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11
Q

T/F hyaline cartilidge goes underboth appositional and interstitial growth

A

True

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12
Q

what is elasatic cartilidge characterised by?

A

The precence of abundanct elastic fibres and is quite cellular

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13
Q

Where other than the ear pinna is elastic cartilidge found?

A

epiglottis

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14
Q

What is Fibro-cartilidge distinguished by?

A

It’s high content and orderly arrangement of type 1 collagen fibers.

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15
Q

Where is Fibro-cartilage typically found?

A

Regions where tendons attach to bones, the invertrbral discs and the symphysis between certain bones.

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16
Q

T/F there is lots of ground substance in Fibro-cartilage?

A

False - Limited

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17
Q

How are the cells arranaged in Fibro cartilage?

A

Chondricytes and Chondroblasts arranged in colums between bundles of collagen fibres.

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18
Q

What 2 types of cartlidge have appositional growth?

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
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19
Q

Describe appositional growth?

A

New cartilidge forms at the edges
- Fibroblasts differentiate to chondroblasts and synthesise artilidge ECM
- Chondrocytes maintain the ECM

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20
Q

Describe Intersitial growth?

A

Growth within existing cartilage
- Chondrocytes become reactivated to blast form
- Then undergo cellular division to form isogenous groups that produce additional ECM

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21
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid apart from nurtrition?

A

Lubrication - provides film on cartilidge seeping in via mechanical action. Once seeped in it can go into spongey bit where it will dampen the effect of imapction

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22
Q

What is a sign using synovail fluid that there is problem in or around the joint?

A
  • cloudy fluid
  • blood in it
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23
Q

In cartilage, what is the main cell type involved in the formation of the extracellular matrix?

A

Chondro blasts

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24
Q

In cartilage which type of growth gives rise to the formation of isogenous groups?

A

Intersitail growth

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25
Q

Which type of cartilage is present at articulating bony surfaces?

A

Hyaline

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26
Q

Where would you expect to find perichondrium and what is its functional role?

A

surface of cartilage

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27
Q

What is Bone?

A

Cells and fibres embedded in a hard unbending calcified matrix

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28
Q

What are 2 functions of bone

A

Rigid and hard support (cf. cartilage)
Protects vital organs
Contains the bone marrow (hematopoiesis) origens of blood cells
Reservoir for calcium, phosphate and other ions released when needed
Transforms forces of skeletal muscle contraction into bodily movements

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29
Q

Why is bone a dynamic tissue?

A

capable of remodelling and repairing itself

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30
Q

What type of bone forms outer wall?

A

compact bone

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31
Q

What type of bone stenthens bone internally?

A

trabecular

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32
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

hollow cylinder consisting of compact bone

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33
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

where Growth plate originates - border between epi and diaphysis

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34
Q

Whats the difference in fibers when comparing lamellar and woven bone?

A

Lamellar bone has specific orientation of collagen fibres and woven bone has a randome one.

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35
Q

T/F woven bone is replaved by lamellar bone

A

True

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36
Q

what is the function of an osteoblast?

A

To form the osteoid

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37
Q

What is the function of the osteocyte?

A

maintan the bony matrix

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38
Q

how do the osteocytes communicate with one another?

A

via specail cellular extentions called canaliculi

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39
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

enzymatic digestion of ECM

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40
Q

Where are osteoclasts located?

A

On the external and internal surfaces of bony surfaces

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41
Q

What do osteoprogenitors cells become?

A

Osteoblasts and produce osteoid

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42
Q

What does osteoprogenitors cells give rise too?

A

Outer and inner circumferentail lamellae of bone

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43
Q

Describe volkman and haversian canals

A
  • volkman canals come in at right angles to the parallel surface to the bone
  • from volksman canals there are internal perpendicular canal called haversian
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44
Q

where does haversain systems develop?

A

Around the central vanacls which run parallel to the long axis of the bone

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45
Q

Describe the features you see at the haversian system

A

Cement line (CL)
Lacuna (L)
Osteocyte
Osteo-pogenitor cell (OP)
Osteoblast (OS)

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46
Q

When you see things in middle whihc dont have cental canal histologically what will it be?

A

Remodelling bone

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47
Q

what bone is there no haversian systems in?

A

Spongy, Trabecular, Cancellous Bone

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48
Q

what does Spongy, Trabecular, Cancellous Bones consist of?

A

Consists of Bony spicules/trabeculae covered with endosteum

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49
Q

Where does intra-membranous ossification occur?

A

in restricted areas only and spoontanously

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50
Q

what does intra-membranous ossification form from?

A

directly from ostogenic CT

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51
Q

What does it intra-membranous ossification form?

A

the flat bones of skull, mandible and maxilla

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52
Q

What is the more common ossification?

A

endochondral ossicication

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53
Q

T/F endochondral ossification starts with cartilidge model that then is replaced by bone?

A

Trueeee

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54
Q

What is endochondral ossification responsible for?

A

Growth of long bones

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55
Q

Describe the stages of formation of primary centre of ossification

A
  • Cartilidge will be growing all the time from outside (appositional growth) and swell from withing (intersitial growth)
  • Pericondulum will become vascularised chnaging the cells osteoprogenitor cells that then go onto fom the periosteal collar
  • At the centre there will be prolifercation of chondrocytes followed by their hyptrophy initaiating the primary ossidication centre in the middle of the shaft
  • they secrete vascular endothelial growth factor that induces the sprouting of blood vessels
  • then chondrocytes will die off
  • the cells that come in this blood supply will disolove in matrix and replace with bone.
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56
Q

what is cacified cartilidge matrix replaced by?

A

osteoid produced by osteoblasts that come in the blood stream

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57
Q

How does growth of long bones continue?

A

Via endochondral ossifiction at the epiphyseal growth plate

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58
Q

Describe what happens at the formation of the growth plates, growth and closure of the growth plate

A
  • initail blood vessels (periosteal collar) extends up and down the shaft (diaphysis) where the cartiage has been replaced by bone
  • secondary ossicification site starts at one of the epiphysis
  • This process starts at other epiphysis
  • The Epiphysis growth plates over time close up to form the epiphysis line
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59
Q

With respect to cellular events taking place at the epiphyseal growth plate put the following terms in order (ANS)

A
  • resting zone
  • zone of prolificating chondrocytes away from the ossification front which increases the length of the cartlidge
  • zone of hypertrophy
  • zone of cell death ( osteoclasts do this as chasing them)
  • zone of vascular invasion
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60
Q

What type of bones is radius ulna?

A

both long bones

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61
Q

Out of radius and ulna which is weigth bearing and which provides leverage?

A

Radius is weight bearing and ulna provides leverage

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62
Q

Where on ulna is the olecranon process?

A

Large projection proximal to articular surface

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63
Q

Where is the anconeal process located on the ulna?

A

Fits into olecanon fossa of humerus

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64
Q

What articular surface is the trochlear notch on?

A

Of elbow joint

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65
Q

What does the radius sit between?

A

between the medial and lateral coronoid processes of the ulna

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66
Q

what is the site of attachment of the collateral ligaments of carpus

A

Medial & lateral styloid processes palpable

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67
Q

how many sites of ossification do radius?

A

3

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68
Q

how many sites of ossification do ulna have?

A

4

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69
Q

What are the components of the elbow joint?

A
  1. Trochlea of humerus at sistal end – subchondral bone goes the way from cranial to caudal - felxibility
  2. Head of radius +
  3. Trochlear notch of ulna
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70
Q

T/F does elbow joint have all typical synovail joint features?

A

yes including all collateral ligaments

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71
Q

what gives elbow joint stability?

A
  • Collateral ligaments – joint stability
  • Anconeal process (ulna) - also stability - engaged within, olecranon / ulnar fossa (humerus)
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72
Q

What movement is the elbow joint limited too?

A

Flexion and extention

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73
Q

what are the conditions that combined caiuse elbow dysplasia?

A

Osteochondrosis
Ununited anconeal process
Fragmented medial coronoid process
Elbow incongruity

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74
Q

what is the osteochondosis the erosions of?

A

erosion of articular cartlidge and subcondral bone

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75
Q

what is the origin of the deltoideus muscle?

A

spine of the scapula

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76
Q

where does the deltoideus muscle insert?

A
  • lateral aspect of humerus
  • intrinsic muscle
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77
Q

where is the deltoidues muscle loacted?

A

caudallateral aspect of limb

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78
Q

what is the function of the deltoidues muscle?

A

crosses caudal to shoulder joint - shoulder flexor

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79
Q

wwhat is the origin point of the Teres Major muscle?

A

caudal border of scapula

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80
Q

what is the insertion point of Teres Major muscle?

A

medial humerus

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81
Q

What is the loaction of Teres Major muscle?

A

caudomedial aspect of limb

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82
Q

what is the function of the Teres Major muscle?

A

crosses caudal to the shoulder joint and is a shoulder flexor

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83
Q

how many heads does the triceps brachii muscle have?

A

4

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84
Q

where does the long head originate from?

A

The caudal border of the scapula

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85
Q

where is the other heads origin?

A

shaft of the humerus

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86
Q

where do all the heads of the trachi brachii muscle insert?

A

olecron process of the ulna

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87
Q

Functions of the triceps brachii muscle?

A

Crosses caudal to shoulder- Shoulder FLEXOR
Crosses caudal to elbow- Elbow EXTENSOR

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88
Q

where is the origin of the biceps Brachii muscle?

A

supraglenoid tubercle

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89
Q

what is the insert point of the biceps brachii muscle?

A

proximal radius intrinsic muscles

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90
Q

what are the functions of the biceps brachii muscle?

A

Crosses cranial to shoulder - Shoulder EXTENSOR
Crosses cranial to elbow - Elbow FLEXOR

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91
Q

nerve supply that supplies biceps brachii is?

A

the Musculocutaneous nerve

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92
Q

where is the tendon origin of the biceps brachii muscle?

A

Intertubular groove of humerus

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93
Q

what is the biceps brachii tendon held in by?

A

transverse liagments

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94
Q

Whats is the lacertus fibrosis in the horse?

A

Fiberous extention that inserts into metacarpal 3 and acts as a carpal extensor?

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95
Q

what is the function of the brachialis muscle?

A

crosses the cranial to elbow joint actuing as an elbow flexor

96
Q

what is the nerve supply to the brachialis muscle?

A

musculocutanous nerve

97
Q

what are the componenents of the carpus in the dog?

A

Proximal row (PR):
- Radial carpal bone/ Intermediate carpal bone (fused, RCB)
- Ulnar carpal bone (UCB)
- Accessory carpal bone (ACB) - Palpable on palmar aspect
Distal row:
1st , 2nd, 3rd and 4th carpal bones

98
Q

how many cenetres of ossification does the carpal bone have?

A

1

99
Q

What are the 3 joints in the carpus?

A
  • Antebrachio-carpal joint
  • middle carpal joint
  • carpo-metacarpal joint
100
Q

where are the Antebrachio-carpal joint located?

A

between antebrachium and proximal row of carpal bones

101
Q

where is the middle carpal joint located?

A

proximal and distal rows of carpal bones

102
Q

where is the middle carpal joint located?

A

Proximal + distal rows of carpal bones

103
Q

where is the carpo-metacarpal joint located?

A

distal row and metacarpal bones

104
Q

where would you take carpal hoint fluid sample?

A

in the joint space

105
Q

in the standing position what movement does carpus provide?

A

extension

106
Q

how afre the carpal bones when in extension?

A

stacked on top of each other

107
Q

what carpus joint has most movement?

A

antebrachio-carpal joint

108
Q

what does the Acessory carpal bone act as?

A

level for the distal limb

109
Q

Any forces applied to accessory carpal bone are conteracted by what?

A

the palmer ligament

110
Q

T/F carpus joint have typical synovial joints?

A

yaaaa

111
Q

what 3 things give carpal joint stability?

A
  1. Collateral ligaments
    Lateral: ulna (lat. Styloid process) to 5th metacarpal
    Medial: radius (medial styloid process) to 2nd metacarpal
  2. Cartilage plate on palmar aspect of joint capsule – reinforcement of capsule prociding a little more stability when limb is in extention
  3. Retinaculum – sleeve that imcompases the wholw of the carpus
112
Q

What does artyrodactyla means and what kind of animals does it refer too?

A
  • even number weight bearing digets
  • 3rd and 4th remain
  • ruminents
113
Q

Whats does perissodactyla means and what animal does it refer too?

A
  • uneven number weight bearing digits
  • 3rd digit remains
  • equines
114
Q

what do plantigrades weight bare on?

A

digits and metatarsals and tarsal bones

115
Q

what do digitigrades weight bear on?

A

digets and phalanges

116
Q

what do uguligrads weight bare on?

A

bear weight on distal phalanx only

117
Q

what bone does not have 2 centres of ossification in the carpus?

A

distal phalanx

118
Q

what is another name for the 3rd metacarpal bone in the horse?

A

cannon bone

119
Q

what is the second and forth metacarpal bones names in the euine?

A

splint bones

120
Q

what kind of jionts between equine metacarpal bones?

A

fiberous

121
Q

T/F all soecaies have proximal sesamoid bones?

A

True

122
Q

what are the proximal sesamoid bones imbedded in?

A

suspensory ligament

123
Q

what do the proximal sesamoid bones protect?

A

Superficial Digital Flexor Tendons (SDFT)
Deep Digital Flexor Tendon (DDFT)

124
Q

In the dog where would you find the dorsal sesamoid bones?

A

at the dorsal aspect of every metacarpal and metatarsal joint

125
Q

what is the P1 bone an insertion point for?

A

oblique distal sesamoidean ligament

126
Q

what are the components of the metacarpophalangeal joint in the horse?

A
  • 3rd metacarpal / metatarsal bone
  • Proximal phalanx
  • Proximal sesamoid bones -Typical synovial joint - Large palmar pouch - incorporates proximal sesamoids - Large dorsal pouch - cushions extensor tendons
127
Q

what provies stability to the MCP joint in the horse

A
  • collarteral ligaments
  • sagital ridge that fits into the s groove
128
Q

what is the movement like at the MCP joint in the horse?

A
  • It is limited to flexion and extension
  • referred to a hight motion joint
129
Q

where does the suspendory ligamant attacht to in distal limb in the horse?

A

abaxial aspect of proximal sesamoids

130
Q

what is the function of the suspenosry ligament in the distal limb

A

acts like a sling - returns joint to resting position and relies on stabilty of proximal sesamoids

131
Q

what are the 3 sesamoidean ligaments in the horse?

A
  • inter-seasamoidean ligaments
  • collarteral sesamoidean ligaments
  • distal sesamoidean ligments
132
Q

what do the sesamoidean ligaments give stability to?

A

the proximal sesamoids

133
Q

what is the sagital ridge with P2 proximal with?

A

P1

134
Q

what is the components of the middle phalanx?

A

proximal and middle phalanges

135
Q

at the distal phalanx ahat is the bone called?

A

P3

136
Q

what is the extensor process for P3?

A

attachment common digital extensor tendon (CDE)

137
Q

what is the palmer process for P3?

A

support lateral cartlidges

138
Q

what is on the solar surface of the distal phalanx?

A

attachment of DDFT

139
Q

what is on the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx?

A

straitions for hoof attachment
vascular channals for blood vessels

140
Q

where is distal interphanlangeal joint?

A

buried within hood

141
Q

what are the components that make up DIP joint?

A
  • Middle & distal phalanges
  • Distal sesamoid & distal phalanx
  • Distal sesamoid & middle phalanx
142
Q

what gives the DIP joint stability?

A

collateral ligaments

143
Q

whats the other word for diatal sesamoid in horse?

A

navicular bone

144
Q

what is the navicular bursa?

A

fluid filled pocket between distal sesamoid and DDFT

145
Q

what does it provide to DDFT?

A

a cushion

146
Q

what are the 3 hoof outer surface features?

A
  • walls - toe, quarters, heel
  • coronary band
  • periople
147
Q

what are the 3 parts of the heel of the walls of hoof?

A
  • angles
  • bars
  • bulb
148
Q

what is the function of the frog in the hoof?

A

shock absorber

149
Q

describe the makeup of the frog?

A

central sulcus with collateral sucli either side

150
Q

should the sole of the hoof come into contacl with ground?

A

NO

151
Q

what is the white line in hoof?

A

boundary between wall and sole

152
Q

where is the digital cushion in comparison to frog?

A

deep to it

153
Q

what is the digital cushion?

A

wet spounge
when weight bears all blood squeezed out and up though limb and when stop bearing go back down whihc provides circulation

154
Q

describe the lateral catrilidges in hoof?

A
  • supported by palmer processes of DP
  • they are medial and lateral ones
    they project above level of hoof
  • their function is shock absorbtion
155
Q

what is the significance of a penetrating injury dependent on?

A
  • location
  • depth - how long it is
156
Q

What can you feel for to helo located where an abces in the foot?

A

digital pulses as you usually cant feel them but when there is infection it will increase pressure and inflammation you will feel so much more

157
Q

what is the dermis fused to in hoof and what does it cover?

A
  • fused to dorsal surface DP
  • covers digital cushion
158
Q

what is the laminae on hoof?

A

ridges on the surface of the dermis

159
Q

Describe the what and the relationship between primary and scondary laminae

A

Primary ridges are vertical which have a secondary laminea which are horizontal

160
Q

what does the dermis supply?

A

the germinal layer

161
Q

what does the dermis produce?

A

the epidermis

162
Q

where on the hoof does the epidermis have activity?

A
  • coronary band
  • solar surface
163
Q

what does the coronary band produce?

A

epidermis in form of tuber of keratin

164
Q

what are the gaps between thrown up tubes of keratin filled by?

A

intertubular horn which is less well organised ketitin

165
Q

what is the hoof capsule interdigited with?

A

dermal laminae

166
Q

what suspends distal phanlanx within hoof capsule?

A

white line

167
Q

what producuces the sole of the hoof?

A

keritinised flakes created by germ layer

168
Q

what is more soft and elastic, the sole or the frog?

A

frog

169
Q

what is the sequence in events of weight bearing in terms of horses?

A
  • Frog contacts ground
  • Digital cushion compressed
    Acts like wet sponge
    Forces blood back up leg
  • Lateral cartilages
    Expand laterally
    Dissipate forces
  • Hoof wall contacts ground
  • Weight transferred to DP
  • Weight transferred to hoof wall - via interdigitation of laminae
170
Q

what are the 4 parts at the distal phalanx in the carnivore?

A
  • ungual process
  • ungual crest
  • extensor process
  • palmer process
171
Q

what is the function of the ugul process?

A

support the claw

172
Q

What is the ugual crest?

A

The vascular root of claw

173
Q

What is the extensor process?

A

Where the extensor tendons attach

174
Q

what is the the palmer process of the distal phalanx?

A

Where flexor tendons attach

175
Q

how many digit pads are there is dogs and cats?

A

4

176
Q

what is the other pad seen in cats and dogs?

A

the metacarpal pad

177
Q

what does the carpal pad protect?

A

Accesory carpal bone

178
Q

what are the functions of footpads?

A
  • Allow weightbearing over entire digit
  • Support digit & metacarpo / metatarso -phalangeal joints
  • Protect deep structures
  • Anti-concussion / shock absorption
  • Resistance to trauma / wear & tear
  • Traction – prevent slipping
179
Q

What doe sthe surface consist of in foot pads?

A
  • modified skin so dermis, germitive layer, epidermis, sweat glands, varous pigmentation
180
Q

What tissue is the digital cushion made from in carnivore footpads?

A
  • elastic and fiberous with fat too
181
Q

what rae the components of the carnivore claw?

A

Dermis
Fused to periosteum of ungual process
Sensitive and bleeds
(No laminae!)

Germinative layer -active in 2 areas (same as horse)
- Recess at ungual crest - Forms dorsal & lateral surface of claw
- Palmar surface ungual process
Forms underside of claw

Epidermis
heavily keratinised = horn +/- pigment

182
Q

What is the actions of a normal claw in the dog?

A
  • balanced forces (dorsal elasltic ligament, CDE, DDFT)
  • tip touches ground when walking
  • continous growth wears naturally on ground
183
Q

If there is reduced wear of the claw what might be the reasons for this?

A
  • not walking enough
  • walking on soft ground
  • dew claw - as it dosent touch the ground
  • DDFT damage like a stubbed toe
184
Q

Whats is the normal actions of a claw in the cat?

A

claw not normally visibles
- very stronf dorsal elastic ligamentis
- so neutral position is distal interphalangeal joint hyperextention
- clwas rest in skin folds between phalanges

185
Q

what happens when cats want to expose their claws?

A
  • DDFT flexes the joint
  • mannual pressure of distal pad
186
Q

T/F in the rumanant the metacarpals 3 and 4 are fused together?

A

True

187
Q

With the metacarpals 3 and 4 being together is there 1 or 2 pairs of promical sesamoids?

A

2

188
Q

what digits in the rumanant are present and weight bear?

A

3 and 4

189
Q

what happens to digits 2 and 5 in ruminanat?

A

become dew claw

190
Q

what are the components of the ruminant hoof?

A

Cloven hoof – half hoof covering 2 phalanges
- Medial and lateral claws
- Interdigital cleft

Sole (1)

Heel (2)
- No frog

Wall:
- Lateral - convex - Continuous with heel when runs down dorsal bends onto clet
- Medial - vertical - Stops at parapedal groove - Transition hard to soft horn = prone to damage

White line – space between hoof wall and sole

191
Q

what is the origin of the extensor carpi radialis muscle?

A

the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

192
Q

what is the insertion point of the extensor carpi radialis muscle?

A

The metacarpal bones

193
Q

where is the extensor carpi radialis muscle located?

A

The cranail aspect of the anterbrachium

194
Q

What is the function of the extensor carpi radialis muscle?

A

It crosses over the dorsal aspect of the carpus acting as a carpal extensor

195
Q

T/F the axilary nerve supplies the extensor carpi radialis muscle

A

False the radial nerve does

196
Q

what is the origin of the Common digital extensor muscle?

A

The lateral epicondycle of the humerus

197
Q

what is the isertion point for the Common digital extensor muscle?

A

All the digits

198
Q

what is the location of the Common digital extensor muscle?

A

The Cranio-lateral aspect of the antebrachium

199
Q

what is the functions of the Common digital extensor muscle?

A

It crosses the dorsal aspect of the carpus making it a carpal extensor

It crossies the dorsal aspect of metacarpo-phalangeal joints and interphalangeal joints making ti an digital extensor

200
Q

what nerve suplies the Common digital extensor muscle?

A

radial nerve

201
Q

how many branches of the Common digital extensor muscle
tendons are there in the dog?

A

4 - onto each digit

202
Q

how many branches of the Common digital extensor muscle
tendons are there in the horse?

A

1 - attches to dorsal aspect phalanges

203
Q

what is the origin of the Extensor carpi ulnaris / Ulnaris lateralis muscle?

A

The lateral epicondyle of humerus

204
Q

What is the insertion point of the Extensor carpi ulnaris / Ulnaris lateralis muscle?

A

Laterally at the proximal end of the metacarpal bone and ACB

205
Q

what is the location of the Extensor carpi ulnaris / Ulnaris lateralis muscle?

A

The lateral aspect of the antebrachium close to ulna

206
Q

what is the function of the Extensor carpi ulnaris / Ulnaris lateralis muscle?

A

it crosses the lateral aspect of carpus and inserts onto metacrapal 5 and ACB making it an carap extensor and flexor

207
Q

what is the nereve that supplies the Extensor carpi ulnaris / Ulnaris lateralis muscle?

A

the radial nerve

208
Q

what is the origin of the Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle?

A

The medial epicondyle and the olecaron process of the ulna

209
Q

what is the insertion point of the Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle?

A

ACB

210
Q

what is the location of the Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle?

A

caudal aspect of the antebrachium

211
Q

what is the nerve that supplies the Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle?

A

The median and ulna nerves

212
Q

what is the origin of the Superficial digital flexor muscle?

A

The medial epicondyle of the humerus

213
Q

what is the insertion point of the Superficial digital flexor muscle?

A

All digits

214
Q

what is the functions of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle?

A

crosses caudal aspect of the carpus making it a carpal flexor

215
Q

what is the location of the Superficial digital flexor muscle?

A

The caudal aspect of the limb

216
Q

what is the function of the Superficial digital flexor muscle?

A
  • crosses palmer aspect of carpus making it a carap flexor
  • crossies the plamer aspect of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints am dproximal interphalangeal joints making it a digital flexor
217
Q

what nerves supply the Superficial digital flexor muscle?

A

median and ulnar nerves

218
Q

what is the origin of the Deep digital flexor muscle (DDFT)?

A

The meadail epicondyle

219
Q

what is the insertion point for the Deep digital flexor muscle (DDFT)?

A

All digits

220
Q

what is the location fo the DDFT muscle ?

A

The caudal aspect of limb

221
Q

what is the function of the Deep digital flexor muscle (DDFT)?

A

It crosses palmer aspect of carpus making it a carpus flexor

222
Q

what does the Deep digital flexor muscle (DDFT) pass through before inserting on the distal phalanx?

A

The split in the SDFT

223
Q

extensor tendosn in the quine distal limb is on what aspect?

A

dorsal

224
Q

what are the boundaries of the carpal canal in the horse?

A
  • Dorsal - Palmar aspect of carpal joint capsule
  • Lateral – ACB
  • Palmar – palmar / flexor retinaculum - Sleeve of fibrous tissue encasing limb
225
Q

what is the function of the tendon sheath?

A

to protect tendons where pass through confined spaces

226
Q

in the dorsal part of the llimb what is the CDE held in by?

A

retinaculum

227
Q

in the palmer aspect of the limb what is the SDFT and DDFT held in place by?

A

The carpal canal
annular ligaments

228
Q

T/F horses weigth bear on there hind limbs?

A

false - forelimbs

229
Q

the spinal nerves have two branches what are these?

A

dorsal branch - supllies dorsal stuctures
ventral branch from some cervical an dthoracic vert that form the brachial plexus

230
Q

where is the brachial plexus located?

A

in axilla (armpit)

231
Q

what do the emerging nerves from the brachial plexus supply?

A

forelimb muscles

232
Q

what is the function of the subscapular nerve?

A

Provides medial shoulder support to subscapularis muscle

233
Q

what is the function of the suprascapular nerev?

A

Provides lateral shoulder support for supraspinatous and infraspinatous muscle

234
Q

what is the function of the musculocutanous nerve?

A

Flexion of the elbow via brachials muscle and biceps brachii muscle

cutanous sensation to crania and medial elbow and medial aspect of antebrachium

235
Q

what is the function of the axillary nerve?

A
  • Shoulder flexors via deltiodeus and teres major muscle
  • cutanous sensation to lateral aspect of shoulder and brachium regions
236
Q

what is the function of the medial and ilnar nerves?

A

-

BVMS 2 (18 decks)

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