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SPHY103 EXAM 1-11 > Module 9 - Semantics > Flashcards

Module 9 - Semantics Flashcards

1
Q

Lexicon contains 4 things:

A

Phonological representation - [khæt]
Orthographic representation - ‘cat’
Grammatical (syntactic) information - noun
Semantic information - animal, pet, fur, meow

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2
Q

2 categories of semantics:

A

Lexical semantics - meaning at word level
Compositional Semantics - meaning at phrase level

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3
Q

How can we describe meaning / semantics? (2)

A

Reference (meaning based on real world objects)
Sense (meaning based on concept / mental image)

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4
Q

Reference

A

Meaning associated with a referent (a real object, concept, or individual)

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5
Q

Referent

A

The object, concept or individual
That linguistic form refers to

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6
Q

Referring expressions

A

Linguistic expressions (words) used to identify a referent
Eg.
Noun phrases (the little dog)
Proper Nouns (Sasha)
Pronouns in noun phrases (She)
Definite reference: My Dog
Indefinite reference: A Dog

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7
Q

Reference can have
multiple referring expressions for__

A

One referent
Eg sahsa, the dog

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8
Q

Reference can have
multiple referents for

A

One referring expression
Eg, eggs (can be easter eggs, cooked eggs, raw eggs)

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9
Q

Reference can be
Words without a real word referent. EG.

A

imagination

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10
Q

Sense

A

Concept
Abstract representations stored in mental lexicon
Suggests properties the entity may have

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11
Q

Link between meaning and word is___

A

arbitrary

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12
Q

Meaning - decomposition

A

Breaking down meaning to basic components

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13
Q

Meanings ___ over time

A

Meanings change over time
Eg tablet (stone) -> tablet (medicine) -> tablet (electronic device)

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14
Q

Lexeme

A

Represents meaning of a word in the mental lexicon

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15
Q

Semiotic Triangle comprises of (3)

A

Potential Referent (image of a dog)
Concept “Meaning” (Sense) (animal that barks)
Linguistic form (Dog)

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16
Q

What do ‘semantic features’ do? (2)

A

Helps us to define/ analyse / explain what a word means
Shows similarities or differences of words

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17
Q

Examples of semantic features (5)

A

Physical properties (colour, shape, living)
Group or category it belongs to (type)
Function (what is it used for)
Location (where is it, where is it kept)
Action (what does it do)

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18
Q

Symbols that analyse semantic features

A

+ / -

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19
Q

Semantic Features of Morphology and syntax nouns

A

Mass nouns = + weigh it
Count nouns = + count it

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20
Q

Semantic features of verbs indicate: (6)

A

+ cause (clarify)
+ motion ( skip run)
+ location (swimming = water)
+ event (eating)
+ state
+ negation

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21
Q

Semantic Categories

A

Grouping of interrelated items

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22
Q

2 types of shared semantic features

A

Core Features
Prototypical Features

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23
Q

Core Features
(Semantic Categories)

A

Semantic features that all items in the category share

Eg, snake, cat, cow = core feature (animal)

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24
Q

Prototypical Features
(Semantic Categories)

A

Semantic features that most items or typical items share

Eg. Snake, cat, cow = prototypical feature (four legs, fur)

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25
Q

Semantic Feature that differentiates between category members

A

Distinctive features

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26
Q

Distinctive Features
(Semantic Categories)

A

Semantic features that differentiate between members of the category

Eg. Snake, cat, cow = distinctive features (scales, meow, dairy animal)

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27
Q

Semantic Relations

A

Meaning relationships (Sense Relations)

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28
Q

5 types of semantic relations:

A

Semantic Association
Synonymy
Antonomy
Hyponomy
Meronymy

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29
Q

1 Semantic Association (4)
(4 Types of Semantic Relations)

A

Concepts that commonly occur together
Can be members of the same category
Or can share semantic features or not
What is the first word you think of when I say…
Knife -> Fork
Cat -> Dog

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30
Q

2 Synonymy (4)
(4 Types of Semantic Relations)

A

Synonyms
Different word form
Same / similar meaning
Shared semantic features

31
Q

3 Antonomy
(4 Types of Semantic Relations)

A

Opposition meanings
Defined by what they are not
Eg big and small

32
Q

5 types of Antonomy:
(4 Types of Semantic Relations)

A

Gradable Antonyms
Complementary Antonyms
Relational Antonyms
Directional Antonyms
Auto Antonyms

33
Q

Gradable Antonyms
(5 types of Antonymy <- 4 types of Semantic Relations)

A

Marks extreme ends of the scale (big / small)
Gradable (big -> med -> small)

34
Q

Complementary Antonyms
(5 types of Antonymy <- 4 types of Semantic Relations)

A

Absent / present
Absolute opposition
Non-gradable
Eg dead / alive

35
Q

Relational Antonyms
(5 types of Antonymy <- 4 types of Semantic Relations)

A

Converse or reciprocal relationships
Eg employee/employer
Teacher / student

36
Q

Directional Antonyms
(5 types of Antonymy <- 4 types of Semantic Relations)

A

Represent opposite directions to a reference point
Eg. Up / down, over/under, open/close

37
Q

Auto Antonyms
(5 types of Antonymy <- 4 types of Semantic Relations)

A

Something that is its own antonym
Eg, consult (to ask for information, or to offer advice)
Dust (to wipe away dust, or to add sugar to a cake)

38
Q

4 Hyponymy
(4 Types of Semantic Relations)

A

Different word form
One term is a more specific part of the other term
Hierarchical or class inclusion
Eg insect - fly
Animal - dog

39
Q

5 Meronymy

A

Different word form
Part - whole relationhip
Eg nose - face, wheel - car, wall - house, wing-bird

40
Q

Lexico - semantic relations

A

Word form + meaning relationships

41
Q

4 types of lexical - Semantic Relations

A

Homonyms
Homophones
Homographs
Polysemy

42
Q

Homonyms
(4 types of Lexical - Semantic Relations)

A

Same spelling and sound
Different meanings

Eg tablet (electronic device/ medication)
Bat (animal / sport)

43
Q

2) Homophones
(4 types of Lexical - Semantic Relations)

A

Same sound (pronunciation)
Different spelling
Different meaning

Eg (tale / tail), (flower / flour)

44
Q

3) Homographs
(4 types of Lexical - Semantic Relations)

A

Same spelling
Different sound
Different meaning

Eg (Lead = /li:d/ to lead, leader /led/ pencil)

45
Q

Polysemy
(4 types of Lexical - Semantic Relations)

A

Same word form (spelling & sound)
Different related meaning

Eg wood (building material / forest)
Chicken (live animal / meat)

46
Q

Compositional semantics

A

Meaning at phrase or syntax level
Sentence meaning is greater than the sum of words
There is additional meaning depending on syntax

47
Q

Propositional Meaning

A

Factual situation of the sentence
Describe, doer, action and receiver

48
Q

Different syntactic structures can have the same propositional meaning. Example

A

The person feeds the dog.
The dog is being fed by the person.
It is the dog that the person feeds.

49
Q

NP arguments

A

The role of a noun phrase related to the verb. Described using thematic/semantic roles

50
Q

Number of arguments for an Intransitive Verb: Harry ran.

A

1 argument
Harry (Agent)

51
Q

Number of argument for
Transitive Verb
She threw the ball

A

2 arguments
She (Agent)
The Ball (Theme)

52
Q

Ditransitive Verb
Bruce emailed Sue the good news

A

3 arguments
Bruce (Agent)
Sue (Patient)
The good news (theme)

53
Q

Thematic Roles Part A (4)

A

Agent
Patient
Theme
Instrument

54
Q

Agent
(Thematic Roles)

A

the doer of action

55
Q

Patient
(Thematic Roles)

A

receives action (can be a thing)

56
Q

Theme
(Thematic Roles)

A

item being moved from one place to another

57
Q

Instrument
(Thematic Roles)

A

inanimate object used to achieve action

58
Q

Thematic Roles Part B (5)

A

Experiencer
Beneficiary
Source
Goal
Location

59
Q

Experiencer
(Thematic Roles)

A

entity that receives emotional or sensory input

60
Q

Beneficiary
(Thematic Roles)

A

entity who benefits from the action occurring

61
Q

Source
(Thematic Roles)

A

starting point for the action

62
Q

Goal
(Thematic Roles)

A

end point of the action

63
Q

Location
(Thematic Roles)

A

where action happens

64
Q

Reversibility

A

Sentences where agent and patient can be reversed.
Used to test semantics of syntax

Eg. Cat chases dog / Dog chases Cat
Sentences where it is not reversible
Is Cat chases ball / Ball chases cat **

65
Q

Truth Value

A

Is a sentence possible?

66
Q

Tautology / Analytic

A

Sentences that are always true
Eg. Circles are round

67
Q

Contradictions

A

Sentences that are never true
Eg. Bachelors have wives

68
Q

Where do contradictions occur?

A

Between sentences
Eg. My favourite food is chocolate. My favourite food is not chocolate.

Within sentences
Eg. All bachelors are married

69
Q

Anomaly (sentence does not make sense) occurs due to

A
  • Semantic feature violations
    Eg. The man used his hands to kick the ball
  • Nonsense words being used
    Ding dang dong
70
Q

Anomalous

A

Sentence is uninterpretable

71
Q

Semantic ambiguity

A

Misunderstanding of sentence due to word/phrase having more than one meaning

Eg. She ducked when the bat flew over her head (bag = animal / cricket bat)

72
Q

Metaphor

A

Phrases that cannot be taken literally (literal meaning = anomaly)
Expression that refer to one thing to explain another thing
Eg. Time is money, you’re a peach, love is a battlefield

73
Q

Idiom

A

A phrase that cannot be taken literally
Meaning cannot be interpreted by individual meaning of the words
Frozen word position
Set of words = 1 meaning

Eg . Take the bull by the horns, ahead of the curve, eat my hat

SPHY103 EXAM 1-11 (13 decks)

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