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SPHY103 EXAM 1-11 > Module 6 - Syntax, Function Words, Phrases > Flashcards

Module 6 - Syntax, Function Words, Phrases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 levels of syntax?

A

Word
Phrase - group of words that work together in a sentence that has a meaning
Clause - Sentence

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2
Q

Syntax (3):

A

System of language that supports the combination of words in new sentences
grammar
It can be grammatical in different dialects or with nonsensical words

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3
Q

As SPs, do we focus on prescriptive or descriptive grammar?

A

Focus on descriptive grammar, what is being used to convey meaning

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4
Q

What are the 4 categories of sentences

A

Grammatical
Non-standard
Ungrammatical
Semantically Troubling

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5
Q

Grammatical sentence (2):

A

Sentences that are intuitively correct
Easy to parse (break down into their parts)

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6
Q

Non-standard sentence (2):

A

Grammatically correct
Uses varieties of language

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7
Q

Ungrammatical sentence (2)

A

Sentence not easy to parse (break down)
Intuitively wrong

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8
Q

Semantically troubling

A

Sentence is grammatical
Does not make sense

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9
Q

What is the clause level innate rule for order?

A

SVO: Subject, Verb, Object

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10
Q

Subject:
(SVO Rule)

A

Doer - does something

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11
Q

Verb:
(SVO Rule)

A

Action

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12
Q

Object:
(SVO Rule)

A

Receiver of action

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13
Q

What are the types of Function words (5)

A

Determiners (The, a = occurs before a noun, determines which noun or thing we are talking about or its quantity)
Pronouns (we = replaces a noun)
Prepositions (in = relationships in time, place of a noun)
Auxiliaries (does) (helping verbs)
Conjunctions (but, linkers)

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14
Q

Determiners Types (5)

A

Articles
Demonstratives
Possessives
Numbers and Quantifiers
Interrogatives

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15
Q

Distribution of Determiners:

A

Occurs before a noun
I like the hat
Or before adjectives
I like the ugly hat

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16
Q

Articles (definite)
Examples:
(Function words ->Determiners)

A

The

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17
Q

Articles (indefinite)
(Function words ->Determiners)

A

A, an

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18
Q

Demonstrative Determiners:
(Function words ->Determiners)

A

This, that, those, these

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19
Q

Possessive Determiners:
(Function words ->Determiners)

A

My, your, his, her its, our their

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20
Q

Numbers & Quantifiers:
(Function words ->Determiners)

A

Seven, few, many, each

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21
Q

Interrogative Determiners:
(Function words ->Determiners)

A

Which, What, Whose?

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22
Q

How do you test if a word is a determiner or pronoun at phrase level?

A

Substitution test: if a word is a determiner, you should be able to substitute it with another determiner and it will still make sense.

Eg.
A) I like THIS book
B) I like THE book
C) I like THEIR book
= this is a determiner

A) I like THIS.
B) I like THE.
C) I like THEIR.

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23
Q

Is ‘this’ a determiner?
A) I like THIS book.
B) I like THE book.
C) I like THEIR book.

A

Yes, because with the substitution test of other determiners, it still makes sense

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24
Q

Is ‘this’ a determiner?
A) I like THIS.
B) I like THE.
C) I like THEIR.

A

No, because if you substitute it with other determiners, it does not make sense

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25
Q

Pronouns (2):

A

Words that can replace a noun or a group of words
Can be a head of a noun phrase

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26
Q

Antecedent:
(Pronoun)

A

The reference occurs before the pronoun.
Eg
That’s Roxy (antecedent). She’s (pronoun) a good girl.

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27
Q

Postcedent:
(Pronoun)

A

The reference occurs after the pronoun.
Eg. When I saw her (pronoun), Roxy the dog (postcedent) started jumping.

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28
Q

Types of pronouns (5):

A

Demonstrative
Personal
Possessive
Reflexive
Interrogative

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29
Q

Demonstrative Pronouns (3):

A

Singular/Plural
Near (this) / Far (that)
These / those

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30
Q

Singular Demonstrative Pronouns, Near & Far Examples:

A

This (near) That (Far)

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31
Q

Plural Demonstrative Pronouns, Near & Far Examples:

A

These (Near) Those (Far)

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32
Q

Demonstrative pronouns can be determiners if__

A

They are in a sentence before a noun.
Eg.
I like THIS book. (Determiner)
I like THIS. (Pronoun)

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33
Q

Interrogative Pronouns

A

Who, what, which, whose, whom
Question pronouns

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34
Q

Interrogative pronouns can be determiners if___

A

It occurs before a noun.
Eg.
WHICH apple did he eat? (determiner)

WHO is the boy? (Pronoun)

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35
Q

Personal Pronouns Types (3):

A

Replace nouns representing people
Subjective/objective
First/Second/Third Person
Singular/Plural

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36
Q

Subjective Pronouns

A

Refers to person who is doing something
Eg. I, you, he, she, we, they

37
Q

Objective Pronouns

A

Refers to the receiver of the action
(me, you, him, her, us, them)

38
Q

1st person

A

Refers to yourself

39
Q

2nd person

A

Refers to the person you are talking to
you

40
Q

3rd person

A

Refers to the person you are talking about
Him/her

41
Q

Possessive Pronouns Types (2)

A

Express Ownership
Singular / Plural (my, their)
First/ Second/ Third Person (mine, yours, his)

42
Q

Possessive Pronouns can be determiners if___

A

It appears before a noun.
MY recipe is nice (MY=determiner at phrase level)
This recipe is MINE (mine = pronoun at phrase level)

43
Q

Reflexive Pronouns Types

A

Pronouns ending with -self or -selves
Singular/ Plural (Herself, Themselves)
First/Second/Third Person (Ourselves, Yourselves, Themselves)

44
Q

Prepositions:

A

Indicates place, time, relationship of a noun
In, from , near, under, for, to

45
Q

Simple Prepositions:

A

One word prepositions
In, under, from, at, on

46
Q

Complex Prepositions

A

More than one word prepositions
On top of, in accordance with

47
Q

Distribution of Prepositions:

A

Occurs before a noun or (Det, Adj before a noun)

48
Q

Auxiliary Verbs

A

Verb helpers, support the sentence’s main verb
Conveys tense, to be, to have

49
Q

2 types of Auxiliaries:

A

Primary Auxiliaries (be, do, have)
Modal Auxiliaries

50
Q

Distribution of Auxiliaries

A

Before main verb. Look for the verb!

51
Q

Primary Auxiliaries

A

Conveys Tense
Be (am, is, are, was, were)
Do (Do, does, did dummy auxiliary)
Have (have, has, had)

52
Q

Modal Auxiliaries

A

Conveys possibility, willingness, likelihood
Might, may, must, should, will, shall, could, can, would

53
Q

Dummy Auxiliary

A

Do

54
Q

Distribution of Modal Auxiliaries

A

Comes before primary auxiliaries
I might (modal auxiliary) have (primary auxiliary) eaten

55
Q

Negative Forms

A

Adding a ‘not’ after an auxiliary
He cannot eat peanuts

56
Q

Contracted Negative Form

A

Could not - Couldn’t

57
Q

Copula Auxiliaries

A

When a auxiliary verb becomes the MAIN verb
She IS hungry (main verb Copula) vs She IS sleeping (Auxilary Verb)

58
Q

Conjunctions

A

Words that link words, phrases, clauses, linguistic units
But, and

59
Q

Co-ordinators Conjunctions

A

Links units that are equal to each other
Eg Cats AND dogs
I love cats BUT I hate dogs

60
Q

Subordinate
Conjunctions

A

Links units that are dependent
If, because, although

61
Q

5 types of phrases:

A

Noun Phrase (NP)
Verb Phrase (VP)
Adjective Phrase (AdjP)
Adverb Phrase (AdvP)
Preposition Phrase (PP)

62
Q

Constituent / Phrase

A

A group of words that can act as a single unit

63
Q

Phrase Structure Rules (2)

A

Phrases can be head word alone
Pre-modifer + head word + post-modifier

64
Q

Head Word

A

Dominant word
Head words can have modifiers added to it

65
Q

Pre-modifiers

A

Words added before a head word

66
Q

Post-modifiers

A

Words added after a head word

67
Q

Constituency (Phrase) Tests (3)
eg HER CAT (NP) sleeps on the couch

A

Transposition (Move)
On the couch, HER CAT sleeps
Substitution (Replace with ONE WORD)
SHE sleeps on the couch
Stand alone (Question, not as strong a test)
Who sleeps on the couch? HER CAT

68
Q

Noun Phrase (NP) Head Word

A

Head word = Noun, Pronoun

69
Q

NP Structure

A

NP → (Det) (AdjP) N/Pron (PP) (Postmodifying clause cl.)

70
Q

Pre-modifiers of NP (2)

A

Determiners
Adjectives

71
Q

Post-modifiers of NP (2)

A

Preposition Phrases
Eg I like the cows (N) on the grass (PP).
Postmodifying Clauses
Eg I don’t like the cows that were eating my grass (P clause)

72
Q

Constituency Test NP:
I like THE COWS IN THE BARN

A

Transposition
THE COWS IN THE BARN are what I like
Substitution
I like THEM
Stand alone test
You like what? THE COWS IN THE BARN

It is a noun phrase

73
Q

Constituency Test NP:
I like the COWS IN THE BARN

A

Transposition
COWS IN THE BARN, I like the. (X)
Substitution
I like the THEM (X)
Stand alone test
You like what? COWS IN THE BARN (okay)

74
Q

Preposition Phrase (PP) head word

A

Preposition (in, on, at)

75
Q

PP Structure

A

PP -> P (preposition) NP (Noun Phrase)
Eg on (P) the grass (NP)

76
Q

Constituency Test (PP)
The cows slept ON THE GRASS

A

Transposition:
OON THE GRASS, the cows slept (GOOD)
Substitution:
The cows slept THERE (GOOD)
Stand alone test:
Where did the cows sleep? ON THE GRASS (GOOD)

77
Q

VP head word

A

verb

78
Q

VP Structure

A

VP -> (Aux) V

79
Q

Premodifiers of VP

A

Modal auxiliary (may/might, will/would, can/could, shall/Should)
Only one modal auxiliary per VP
Primary Auxiliaries (be, have, do)
Can be 2 primary auxiliaries pre-modifiers V
I HAVE BEEN eating (co-occurrance)

80
Q

Negative VP

A

I DO NOT exercise

81
Q

Negative Contracted VP

A

I don’t exercise

82
Q

Constituency Tests on VPs

A

Hard to do Transposition, Substitution or Stand Alone tests on VPs. Therefore they are the weakest VPs
Substitution (use do so)

83
Q

Head word of AdjP

A

Adjective

84
Q

AdjP Structure

A

AdjP -> Adv Adj
Adv is an intensifier
Eg very (adv) quiet (adj)

85
Q

Constituency test AdjP:
They were EXCEEDINGLY QUIET

A

Transposition:
EXCEEDINGLY QUIET, they were
Substitution (need to make a new sentence):
The students were EXCEEDINGLY QUIET. The teachers were TOO
Stand alone question:
How were the students? EXCEEDINGLY QUITE

86
Q

Headword of AdvP

A

Adverb

87
Q

AdvP Structure

A

AdvP - > Adv (intensifier) Adv
Eg very quickly

88
Q

Pre-modifers of AdvP

A

Adverb

89
Q

Constituency Test AdvP:
They ate the fish VERY QUICKLY

A

Transposition:
VERY QUICKLY, they ate the fish
Substitution (add new sentence)
They ate the fish VERY QUICKLY. The students did TOO
Stand alone question:
How did they eat the fish? VERY QUICLY

SPHY103 EXAM 1-11 (13 decks)

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