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SPHY103 EXAM 1-11 > Module 6 - Syntax, Function Words, Phrases > Flashcards

Module 6 - Syntax, Function Words, Phrases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 levels of syntax?

A

Word
Phrase - group of words that work together in a sentence that has a meaning
Clause - Sentence

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2
Q

Syntax (3):

A

System of language that supports the combination of words in new sentences
grammar
It can be grammatical in different dialects or with nonsensical words

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3
Q

As SPs, do we focus on prescriptive or descriptive grammar?

A

Focus on descriptive grammar, what is being used to convey meaning

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4
Q

What are the 4 categories of sentences

A

Grammatical
Non-standard
Ungrammatical
Semantically Troubling

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5
Q

Grammatical sentence (2):

A

Sentences that are intuitively correct
Easy to parse (break down into their parts)

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6
Q

Non-standard sentence (2):

A

Grammatically correct
Uses varieties of language

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7
Q

Ungrammatical sentence (2)

A

Sentence not easy to parse (break down)
Intuitively wrong

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8
Q

Semantically troubling

A

Sentence is grammatical
Does not make sense

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9
Q

What is the clause level innate rule for order?

A

SVO: Subject, Verb, Object

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10
Q

Subject:
(SVO Rule)

A

Doer - does something

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11
Q

Verb:
(SVO Rule)

A

Action

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12
Q

Object:
(SVO Rule)

A

Receiver of action

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13
Q

What are the types of Function words (5)

A

Determiners (The, a = occurs before a noun, determines which noun or thing we are talking about or its quantity)
Pronouns (we = replaces a noun)
Prepositions (in = relationships in time, place of a noun)
Auxiliaries (does) (helping verbs)
Conjunctions (but, linkers)

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14
Q

Determiners Types (5)

A

Articles
Demonstratives
Possessives
Numbers and Quantifiers
Interrogatives

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15
Q

Distribution of Determiners:

A

Occurs before a noun
I like the hat
Or before adjectives
I like the ugly hat

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16
Q

Articles (definite)
Examples:
(Function words ->Determiners)

A

The

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17
Q

Articles (indefinite)
(Function words ->Determiners)

A

A, an

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18
Q

Demonstrative Determiners:
(Function words ->Determiners)

A

This, that, those, these

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19
Q

Possessive Determiners:
(Function words ->Determiners)

A

My, your, his, her its, our their

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20
Q

Numbers & Quantifiers:
(Function words ->Determiners)

A

Seven, few, many, each

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21
Q

Interrogative Determiners:
(Function words ->Determiners)

A

Which, What, Whose?

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22
Q

How do you test if a word is a determiner or pronoun at phrase level?

A

Substitution test: if a word is a determiner, you should be able to substitute it with another determiner and it will still make sense.

Eg.
A) I like THIS book
B) I like THE book
C) I like THEIR book
= this is a determiner

A) I like THIS.
B) I like THE.
C) I like THEIR.

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23
Q

Is ‘this’ a determiner?
A) I like THIS book.
B) I like THE book.
C) I like THEIR book.

A

Yes, because with the substitution test of other determiners, it still makes sense

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24
Q

Is ‘this’ a determiner?
A) I like THIS.
B) I like THE.
C) I like THEIR.

A

No, because if you substitute it with other determiners, it does not make sense

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25
Pronouns (2):
Words that can replace a noun or a group of words Can be a head of a noun phrase
26
Antecedent: (Pronoun)
The reference occurs before the pronoun. Eg That's Roxy (antecedent). She's (pronoun) a good girl.
27
Postcedent: (Pronoun)
The reference occurs after the pronoun. Eg. When I saw her (pronoun), Roxy the dog (postcedent) started jumping.
28
Types of pronouns (5):
Demonstrative Personal Possessive Reflexive Interrogative
29
Demonstrative Pronouns (3):
Singular/Plural Near (this) / Far (that) These / those
30
Singular Demonstrative Pronouns, Near & Far Examples:
This (near) That (Far)
31
Plural Demonstrative Pronouns, Near & Far Examples:
These (Near) Those (Far)
32
Demonstrative pronouns can be determiners if__
They are in a sentence before a noun. Eg. I like THIS book. (Determiner) I like THIS. (Pronoun)
33
Interrogative Pronouns
Who, what, which, whose, whom Question pronouns
34
Interrogative pronouns can be determiners if___
It occurs before a noun. Eg. WHICH apple did he eat? (determiner) WHO is the boy? (Pronoun)
35
Personal Pronouns Types (3):
Replace nouns representing people Subjective/objective First/Second/Third Person Singular/Plural
36
Subjective Pronouns
Refers to person who is doing something Eg. I, you, he, she, we, they
37
Objective Pronouns
Refers to the receiver of the action (me, you, him, her, us, them)
38
1st person
Refers to yourself
39
2nd person
Refers to the person you are talking to you
40
3rd person
Refers to the person you are talking about Him/her
41
Possessive Pronouns Types (2)
Express Ownership Singular / Plural (my, their) First/ Second/ Third Person (mine, yours, his)
42
Possessive Pronouns can be determiners if___
It appears before a noun. MY recipe is nice (MY=determiner at phrase level) This recipe is MINE (mine = pronoun at phrase level)
43
Reflexive Pronouns Types
Pronouns ending with -self or -selves Singular/ Plural (Herself, Themselves) First/Second/Third Person (Ourselves, Yourselves, Themselves)
44
Prepositions:
Indicates place, time, relationship of a noun In, from , near, under, for, to
45
Simple Prepositions:
One word prepositions In, under, from, at, on
46
Complex Prepositions
More than one word prepositions On top of, in accordance with
47
Distribution of Prepositions:
Occurs before a noun or (Det, Adj before a noun)
48
Auxiliary Verbs
Verb helpers, support the sentence's main verb Conveys tense, to be, to have
49
2 types of Auxiliaries:
Primary Auxiliaries (be, do, have) Modal Auxiliaries
50
Distribution of Auxiliaries
Before main verb. Look for the verb!
51
Primary Auxiliaries
Conveys Tense Be (am, is, are, was, were) Do (Do, does, did dummy auxiliary) Have (have, has, had)
52
Modal Auxiliaries
Conveys possibility, willingness, likelihood Might, may, must, should, will, shall, could, can, would
53
Dummy Auxiliary
Do
54
Distribution of Modal Auxiliaries
Comes before primary auxiliaries I might (modal auxiliary) have (primary auxiliary) eaten
55
Negative Forms
Adding a 'not' after an auxiliary He cannot eat peanuts
56
Contracted Negative Form
Could not - Couldn't
57
Copula Auxiliaries
When a auxiliary verb becomes the MAIN verb She IS hungry (main verb Copula) vs She IS sleeping (Auxilary Verb)
58
Conjunctions
Words that link words, phrases, clauses, linguistic units But, and
59
Co-ordinators Conjunctions
Links units that are equal to each other Eg Cats AND dogs I love cats BUT I hate dogs
60
Subordinate Conjunctions
Links units that are dependent If, because, although
61
5 types of phrases:
Noun Phrase (NP) Verb Phrase (VP) Adjective Phrase (AdjP) Adverb Phrase (AdvP) Preposition Phrase (PP)
62
Constituent / Phrase
A group of words that can act as a single unit
63
Phrase Structure Rules (2)
Phrases can be head word alone Pre-modifer + head word + post-modifier
64
Head Word
Dominant word Head words can have modifiers added to it
65
Pre-modifiers
Words added before a head word
66
Post-modifiers
Words added after a head word
67
Constituency (Phrase) Tests (3) eg HER CAT (NP) sleeps on the couch
Transposition (Move) On the couch, HER CAT sleeps Substitution (Replace with ONE WORD) SHE sleeps on the couch Stand alone (Question, not as strong a test) Who sleeps on the couch? HER CAT
68
Noun Phrase (NP) Head Word
Head word = Noun, Pronoun
69
NP Structure
NP → (Det) (AdjP) N/Pron (PP) (Postmodifying clause cl.)
70
Pre-modifiers of NP (2)
Determiners Adjectives
71
Post-modifiers of NP (2)
Preposition Phrases Eg I like the cows (N) on the grass (PP). Postmodifying Clauses Eg I don’t like the cows that were eating my grass (P clause)
72
Constituency Test NP: I like THE COWS IN THE BARN
Transposition THE COWS IN THE BARN are what I like Substitution I like THEM Stand alone test You like what? THE COWS IN THE BARN It is a noun phrase
73
Constituency Test NP: I like the COWS IN THE BARN
Transposition COWS IN THE BARN, I like the. (X) Substitution I like the THEM (X) Stand alone test You like what? COWS IN THE BARN (okay)
74
Preposition Phrase (PP) head word
Preposition (in, on, at)
75
PP Structure
PP -> P (preposition) NP (Noun Phrase) Eg on (P) the grass (NP)
76
Constituency Test (PP) The cows slept ON THE GRASS
Transposition: OON THE GRASS, the cows slept (GOOD) Substitution: The cows slept THERE (GOOD) Stand alone test: Where did the cows sleep? ON THE GRASS (GOOD)
77
VP head word
verb
78
VP Structure
VP -> (Aux) V
79
Premodifiers of VP
Modal auxiliary (may/might, will/would, can/could, shall/Should) Only one modal auxiliary per VP Primary Auxiliaries (be, have, do) Can be 2 primary auxiliaries pre-modifiers V I HAVE BEEN eating (co-occurrance)
80
Negative VP
I DO NOT exercise
81
Negative Contracted VP
I don't exercise
82
Constituency Tests on VPs
Hard to do Transposition, Substitution or Stand Alone tests on VPs. Therefore they are the weakest VPs Substitution (use do so)
83
Head word of AdjP
Adjective
84
AdjP Structure
AdjP -> Adv Adj Adv is an intensifier Eg very (adv) quiet (adj)
85
Constituency test AdjP: They were EXCEEDINGLY QUIET
Transposition: EXCEEDINGLY QUIET, they were Substitution (need to make a new sentence): The students were EXCEEDINGLY QUIET. The teachers were TOO Stand alone question: How were the students? EXCEEDINGLY QUITE
86
Headword of AdvP
Adverb
87
AdvP Structure
AdvP - > Adv (intensifier) Adv Eg very quickly
88
Pre-modifers of AdvP
Adverb
89
Constituency Test AdvP: They ate the fish VERY QUICKLY
Transposition: VERY QUICKLY, they ate the fish Substitution (add new sentence) They ate the fish VERY QUICKLY. The students did TOO Stand alone question: How did they eat the fish? VERY QUICLY

SPHY103 EXAM 1-11 (13 decks)

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