Module 8 - Clauses, Pragmatics Flashcards
What is a simple Clause?
Sentence with one clause
What is a complex clause
Sentence with more than one clause
2 verbs
Linked by a conjunction
2 types of complex clauses:
Coordinate (compound) clause
Subordinate clause
What is a coordinate clause (2)
A sentence with 2 or more clauses in EQUAL relationship
Individual clauses can stand alone in meaning
What conjunctions do coordinate clauses use?
Coordinate conjunctions
And, but, or, for, yet, so, nor
What is a subordinate clause (4)
NOT EQUAL relationship between clauses
Main clause can stand alone
Subordinate clauses cannot stand alone
What are the 3 types of subordinate clauses
Relative (post-modifying) clauses
Adverbial clauses
Complement clauses
Distribution of subordinate clause
Subordinate clauses can be before or after or nested within a main clause
Start with a subordinate conjunction (but not always)
That, if, whether, who, when, as, since, although
Recursion
Nesting
Sentences can have multiple subordinate clauses -> endless sentences
Eg. Alex, whom you know very well, has a red car which is parked there.
What does a Relative / Post modifying clause modify?
Relative clauses post modifies the NP
SVOCA - All
Subject
Object
Complement
Adverbial (describes verb - where, when, why, how)
Where do subordinate relative clauses occur in complex clauses? (4)
Occurs in the subject or object position of a main clause SvO
Occurs a part of a phrase (not on their own)
Always comes AFTER a headword - noun
Occurs after a subordinating conjunction (relative pronoun)
That, who, which
What is the difference between a post modifier PP and a post modifier/relative clause?
PP has no verb
Relative clause has a verb
Eg. The (det) man (n) with a yellow umbrella (Postmod-PP)
The (det) man (N) who is carrying a yellow umbrella (Postmod-CL)
Adverbial Subordinate clauses describes
The whole MAIN CLAUSE
Connected by subordinate conjunction
where, why, how, when to what degree
Adverbial subordinate occurs after which ‘of time’ subordinating conjunction?
Time subordinate conjunctions
When
After
As
Before
As soon as
Adverbial subordinate occurs after which ‘of condition’ subordinating conjunction?
if
Adverbial subordinate occurs after which ‘of concession’ subordinating conjunction?
Although
Even though
Adverbial subordinate occurs after which ‘of reason’ subordinating conjunction?
Because
since
Where do adverbial subordinate clauses occur?
Shifty, can be in front, at the end or in the middle of a clause
Can have more than one in a sentence
Complement subordinate clauses (4):
Complement = obligatory (different meaning to complement clause element)
Complement subordinate clause is a part entire clause element (not a post modifier), it completes the sentence meaning
Can be Subject or Object or Complement clause element
Where does a complement subordinate clause occur?
After a subordinate conjunction
Occurs in the subject, object or complement position
SvC/O
Pragmatics
The study of how people make sense of a message given the context
In which they hear, read and the knowledge that have about each other, and about the world and how it works
Deixis (deictic expression)
A deictic expression shows / indicates
A word or phrase that points to the time, place or situation in which a speaker is speaking
Pointing words
2 types of Deixis Expressions
Anaphora (Anaphoric Expression)
Points backwards
Eg. (The puppy) is here. (It) is cute.
The puppy <-It
Cataphora (Cataphoric Expression)
Points forwards
Eg. (It) suddenly appeared on the path a little ahead of me, staring in my direction and sniffing the air. (An
enormous grizzly bear) was checking me out.
It -> an enormous grizzly bear
4 expression words of Deixis
- Personal Pronouns (Me, you, She, He)
- Demonstrative Pronouns / Determiner (This, That)
- Spatial Expressions (Here, There)
- Temporal Expressions (Now, tomorrow)
