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SPHY103 EXAM 1-11 > Module 8 - Clauses, Pragmatics > Flashcards

Module 8 - Clauses, Pragmatics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a simple Clause?

A

Sentence with one clause

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2
Q

What is a complex clause

A

Sentence with more than one clause
2 verbs
Linked by a conjunction

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3
Q

2 types of complex clauses:

A

Coordinate (compound) clause
Subordinate clause

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4
Q

What is a coordinate clause (2)

A

A sentence with 2 or more clauses in EQUAL relationship
Individual clauses can stand alone in meaning

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5
Q

What conjunctions do coordinate clauses use?

A

Coordinate conjunctions
And, but, or, for, yet, so, nor

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6
Q

What is a subordinate clause (4)

A

NOT EQUAL relationship between clauses
Main clause can stand alone
Subordinate clauses cannot stand alone

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of subordinate clauses

A

Relative (post-modifying) clauses
Adverbial clauses
Complement clauses

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8
Q

Distribution of subordinate clause

A

Subordinate clauses can be before or after or nested within a main clause
Start with a subordinate conjunction (but not always)
That, if, whether, who, when, as, since, although

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9
Q

Recursion

A

Nesting
Sentences can have multiple subordinate clauses -> endless sentences
Eg. Alex, whom you know very well, has a red car which is parked there.

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10
Q

What does a Relative / Post modifying clause modify?

A

Relative clauses post modifies the NP
SVOCA - All
Subject
Object
Complement
Adverbial (describes verb - where, when, why, how)

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11
Q

Where do subordinate relative clauses occur in complex clauses? (4)

A

Occurs in the subject or object position of a main clause SvO
Occurs a part of a phrase (not on their own)
Always comes AFTER a headword - noun
Occurs after a subordinating conjunction (relative pronoun)
That, who, which

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12
Q

What is the difference between a post modifier PP and a post modifier/relative clause?

A

PP has no verb
Relative clause has a verb
Eg. The (det) man (n) with a yellow umbrella (Postmod-PP)
The (det) man (N) who is carrying a yellow umbrella (Postmod-CL)

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13
Q

Adverbial Subordinate clauses describes

A

The whole MAIN CLAUSE
Connected by subordinate conjunction

where, why, how, when to what degree

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14
Q

Adverbial subordinate occurs after which ‘of time’ subordinating conjunction?

A

Time subordinate conjunctions
When
After
As
Before
As soon as

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15
Q

Adverbial subordinate occurs after which ‘of condition’ subordinating conjunction?

A

if

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16
Q

Adverbial subordinate occurs after which ‘of concession’ subordinating conjunction?

A

Although
Even though

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17
Q

Adverbial subordinate occurs after which ‘of reason’ subordinating conjunction?

A

Because
since

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18
Q

Where do adverbial subordinate clauses occur?

A

Shifty, can be in front, at the end or in the middle of a clause
Can have more than one in a sentence

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19
Q

Complement subordinate clauses (4):

A

Complement = obligatory (different meaning to complement clause element)
Complement subordinate clause is a part entire clause element (not a post modifier), it completes the sentence meaning
Can be Subject or Object or Complement clause element

20
Q

Where does a complement subordinate clause occur?

A

After a subordinate conjunction
Occurs in the subject, object or complement position

SvC/O

21
Q

Pragmatics

A

The study of how people make sense of a message given the context
In which they hear, read and the knowledge that have about each other, and about the world and how it works

22
Q

Deixis (deictic expression)

A

A deictic expression shows / indicates
A word or phrase that points to the time, place or situation in which a speaker is speaking
Pointing words

23
Q

2 types of Deixis Expressions

A

Anaphora (Anaphoric Expression)
Points backwards
Eg. (The puppy) is here. (It) is cute.
The puppy <-It
Cataphora (Cataphoric Expression)
Points forwards
Eg. (It) suddenly appeared on the path a little ahead of me, staring in my direction and sniffing the air. (An
enormous grizzly bear) was checking me out.
It -> an enormous grizzly bear

24
Q

4 expression words of Deixis

A
  • Personal Pronouns (Me, you, She, He)
  • Demonstrative Pronouns / Determiner (This, That)
  • Spatial Expressions (Here, There)
  • Temporal Expressions (Now, tomorrow)
25
Q

What is presuppositions & implicatures about?

A

inferences

26
Q

What are 2 types of inferences in pragmatics?

A

Presuppositions
Implicatures

27
Q

Presuppositions:

A

Mutual assumptions

28
Q

Implicatures:

A

Read between the lines
What is implied

29
Q

What is the presupposition of:
Noah was late to work.

A

Presupposition:
Noah has a job

30
Q

What is the presupposition of:
The prime minister is a man.

A

Presupposition:
Australia has a prime minister

31
Q

What is the presupposition of:
Francine’s freestyle stroke has improved

A

Presupposition:
Francine swims and knows how to do freestyle

32
Q

What is the implicature of:
Muhammed is rich but unhappy

A

Implicature:
Being rich and unhappy are incompatible

33
Q

What is the implicature of:
The instructions to the venue were very clear. Even Kerry made it without getting lost.

A

Implicature:
Kerry is bad with directions

34
Q

What is the implicature of:
The children went to the party with their parents but they had a great time.

A

Implicature:
Children were not expected to have a good time

35
Q

Conversational Implicature assumption:

A

Conversation participants are following the cooperative rule
Eg of not following cooperative rule
Jane: Did you clean the bathroom and fold the laundry?
Tom: I folded the laundry.

36
Q

Grice’s Cooperative Principle

A

Make conversational contribution
- Such as is required
- At the stage at which it occurs
- By the accepted purpose of direction of the talk in which you are engaged

37
Q

4 Grice’s Maxims

A

Relevance (stay on topic)
Manner (be clear, avoid ambiguity)
Quantity (don’t say too much or too little, just right)
Quality (truthful)

38
Q

Relevance:
(4 Grice’s Maxims)

A

Stay on topic and be relevant

39
Q

Manner: (2)
(4 Grice’s Maxims)

A

Avoid ambiguity and obscurity
be brief and orderly

40
Q

Quantity (2)
(4 Grice’s Maxims)

A

Don’t say too much or too little
informative

41
Q

Quality
(4 Grice’s Maxims)

A

Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evidence

42
Q

3 components of Speech Act Therapy

A

Locution - form of expression (semantics of utterance)
Illocution - speaker’s intent
Perlocution - listener’s response

43
Q

3 types of Illocutionary Acts (Pragmatic Speech Acts)

A

Statements - providing information
Questions - asking
Commands - requests

44
Q

Direct Speech Acts

A

Syntactic structure (Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative) matches Pragmatic speech act / Intent (Statement, Command, Question)
Eg:
Syntactic Structure: Declarative (SV+)= Pragmatic speech act: Statement

Syntactic Structure: Interrogative (Wh-) = Pragmatic Structure: Question

Syntactic Structure: Imperative (V+) = Pragmatic speech act: Command

45
Q

Indirect Speech Acts

A

Syntactic structure (Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative) does not match Pragmatic speech act / Intent (Statement, Command, Question)
Eg
Can you give me some chocolate?
Syntactic Structure: Interrogative
Pragmatic speech act: Command
Therefore it is an indirect sentence

SPHY103 EXAM 1-11 (13 decks)

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