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SPHY103 EXAM 1-11 > Module 4 - Phonotactic Constraints, Suprasegmental, Connected Speech, Phonological Proccesses > Flashcards

Module 4 - Phonotactic Constraints, Suprasegmental, Connected Speech, Phonological Proccesses Flashcards

1
Q

Describe a syllable (3)

A
  • A phonological unit
  • Contains one vowel, with or without consonant
    • Unless it is a syllabic consonant
    • [ˈbɐtn̩ ] = [ˈbɐ+tn̩ ] /bɐtən/ = /bɐ+tən/
  • 1 or more syllables = word
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2
Q

Alliteration involves which part of the syllable structure?

A

Onset
Peter Piper

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3
Q

Rhyme involves which part of the syllable structure?

A

Rhyme
Shore, Bore

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4
Q

What is an open syllable?

A
  • CV (no coda)
    V (no onset or coda)
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5
Q

Describe consonant cluster

A
  • Occurs when there is more than one C
    CC/CCC/CCCC
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6
Q

Syllable Structure
hand+ball = /hændboːl/

A

CVCC+CVC

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7
Q

What are phonotactic constraints?

A

Rules about which phonemes are placed together in a syllable

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8
Q

Allowable consonant clusters in a Onset and Coda

A

Onset = 0 - CCC
Coda = 0-CCCC

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9
Q

(Syllable Onset: 2-consonant clusters (CC))
/s/ can only occur in the onset with

A

/s/ can only occur in the onset with
* /p/, /t/, /k/ - voiceless stops “spin, stun, skip”
* /m/, /n/ - nasals “smile, snow”
* /w/, /l/ , sometimes /j/ - approximants “swim, slip, stupid”
* /f/ rarely - voiceless fricative “sphinx, sphere”

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10
Q

(Syllable Onset: 2-consonant clusters (CC))
Oral stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/ & voiceless fricatives /f, θ, s, ʃ, h/ can combine with

A
  • Oral stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/ & voiceless fricatives /f, θ, s, ʃ, h/
    Can combine with approximants /ɹ, l, j, w/
    /kl/, /kw/, /kɹ/ and /kj/
    BUT NOT if they share the same place of articulation
    not /pw/ or /fw/, and not /tl/ or /dl/.
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11
Q

Syllable Onset: 3-consonant clusters (CCC)
First phoneme:
Second phoneme:
Third phoneme:

A

First phoneme: /s/ in a CCC onset
Second phoneme: (voiceless oral plosives) /p/, /t/ or /k/ in a CCC onset
Third phoneme: (Approximants) /w/, /l/, /ɹ/ or /j/ in a CCC onset

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12
Q

Phonotactic Constraints: Syllable Coda
Do Syllable Coda contraints mirror Syllable Onset constraints?

A

Yes, /kl/ onset can be /lk/ coda
- /kli:n/ and /mɪlk/
But not in the same place of articulation

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13
Q

(Phonotactic Constraints: Syllable Coda)
Approximants /ɹ, l, j, w/ can combine with

A
  • Approximants /ɹ, l, j, w/ can combine with
  • Oral stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/ & voiceless fricatives /f, θ, s, ʃ, h/

BUT NOT if they share the same place of articulation

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14
Q

What are the 2 features of Suprasegmental (Prosodic)?

A
  • Intonation (pitch change)
  • Stress (length, pitch, loudness)
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15
Q

What are the rules of Lexical stress in AusE?

A

2 syllable words = one is stressed, the other is unstressed

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16
Q

What is Primary stress [ ‘ ] ? (4)

A
  • The prominent syllable
  • Can be included in phonemic and phonetic transcription
  • Occurs before a stressed syllable
  • Free variation
    • ‘answer’[ˈæ̃nsə]
    • about [əˈbæɔt]
      understand [ˌɐndəˈstænd] ̃̃
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17
Q

Is lexical stress contrastive in AusE?

A

Yes,
- That is an insult. (noun)
- Don’t insult me! (verb)
When the first syllable is stressed = noun
When second syllable is stressed = verb

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18
Q

What is Secondary Stress [ ˌ ] ?

A
  • Words with more than 2 syllables may have more than one stressed syllable
  • Less prominent syllable
    e.g. “kookaburra” /ˈkʊkəˌbɐɹə/
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19
Q

Why do phonemes change in words during conversation?

A

For communication efficiency

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20
Q

Describe intonation in AusE

A
  • Non-contrastive
  • Intonation patterns vary
    No tonemes (phoneme based on pitch of nucleus in a syllable)
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21
Q

What is co-articulation?

A

Change in speech sounds influenced by phonetic environment (surrounding phoneme)

22
Q

(Characteristics of connected speech)
Explain vowel reduction in function words

A

Function words vowel -> /ə/
The = /ðiː/ -> /ðə/

23
Q

(Characteristics of connected speech: Elision)
Consonant deletion occurs in /t/ /d/?

A

Consonant deletion /t/ /d/ occurs in
- Function words
- Between words

24
Q

(Characteristics of connected speech: Elision)
Weak syllable deletion occurs in?

A

When syllable is weak, it might be deleted

25
Q

(Characteristics of connected speech: Epenthesis)
When does linking /ɹ/ occur

A
  • Between two syllables ending and beginning with a V
  • CV - VC
  • “Far out!” CV-VC
  • /fɐː/ + /æɔt/ → /fɐːɹæɔt/
  • “law and order”
  • /loː + ənd + oːdə/ → /loːɹənoːdə/
26
Q

(Characteristics of connected speech: Assimilation)
Alveolar -> Velar Stops

A
  • /t/ -> /k/ when it is before /k, g, ŋ/
  • /d/ -> /g/ when it is before /k, g, ŋ/
  • /n/ ->/ŋ/ when it is before /k, g, ŋ/
27
Q

(Characteristics of connected speech: Assimilation)
Alveolar -> Bilabial Stops

A
  • /t/ -> /p/ when it is before /p, b, m ,w/
  • /d/ -> /b/ when it is before /p, b, m ,w/
  • /n/ -> /m/ when it is before /p, b, m ,w/
28
Q

Phonological process

A

How phonological patterns are developed in early childhood

29
Q

(Phonological Development)
What are the 3 main types of children’s phonological processes/ error patterns?

A
    1. modify syllable structure processes
    1. substitution process
    1. assimilation processes
30
Q

(Phonological Development)
Substitution Processes (3)
One sound is substituted for another, either a class of sounds or just individual sounds.

A
    1. Substitution liquid -> glide (gliding)
      □ /ɹ/ /l/ -> /j/ /w/
      □ [leg] -> [jeg]
    1. Substitution fricative > stop (stopping)
      □ /s/ /z/-> /t/ /d/
      □ [si:] -> [ti:]
    1. Substitution k/ /g/ -> /t/ /d/ (fronting)
      □ [gəʉ]-> [təʉ]
31
Q

(Phonological Development)
Assimilation Processes (3)
Sound changes in which one sound becomes more similar to another.

A
    1. Consonant Harmony
      □ [dɔg] becomes [dɔd] or [gɔg]
    1. Reduplication
      □ [wɐwɐ] for [wo:tə]
    1. Devoicing of final consonant
      □[dɔg] becomes [dɔk]
32
Q

(Phonological Development)
Earlier phonological processes?

A
  • Unstressed syllable deletion
  • Final consonant deletion
  • Substitution of [t] and [d] for [k] and [g] – ’fronting’
  • Substitution of a stop for a fricative
  • Many assimilation processes
33
Q

(Phonological Development)
Later phonological processes?

A
  • Reduction of consonant clusters
  • Substitution of a glide for a liquid
34
Q

(Branches of Phonetics)
Articulatory phonetics:

A

Study of the physical production and articulation of speech sounds

35
Q

(Branches of Phonetics)
Acoustic phonetics:

A

Study of speech as a sound wave

36
Q

(Branches of Phonetics)
Auditory phonetics:

A

Study of the processing of speech signals and interpretation as meaningful speech sounds and words

37
Q

(Branches of Phonetics)
What is the difference between articulatory and acoustic phonetics for children ? Which comes first?

A

Children can comprehend sounds before they can articulate sounds

38
Q

(Acoustic Phonetics)
Acoustic structure - determines

A

Determines how we hear sounds

39
Q

(Acoustic Phonetics)
Acoustic descriptions of speech - aim

A
  • Explains why certain sounds are confused with another
  • Provides greater accuracy in describing sounds
40
Q

(Acoustic Phonetics)
Sounds of equal duration (length) can differ acoustically in 3 ways:

A
  • Pitch
  • Loudness
  • quality
41
Q

(Acoustic Phonetics)
Sound waves - cause

A

Caused by variations in air pressure caused by the vocal tract

42
Q

(Acoustic Phonetics)
Voiced speech

A

Periodic sound produced by vocal fold vibration

43
Q

(Acoustic Phonetics)
Voiceless speech

A

Aperiodic sound produced by constriction of the vocal tract

44
Q

(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Pitch)
Lower Pitch:

A

Lower rate of vibration of vocal folds

45
Q

(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Pitch)
Frequency:

A

Number of complete repetitions of variations of air pressure in a second
Hertz (hz)

46
Q

(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Quality)
Harmonic (overtone) structure:

A

The relative amplitude of fundamental frequency and the harmonic

47
Q

(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Loudness)
Measurement of loudness

A

Decibels (dB)
Extent of amplitude or energy of the vocalisation

48
Q

Auditory phonetics

A
  • How we process speech
  • Study of the way people perceive speech sounds
49
Q

(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Pitch)
Higher Pitch:

A

Higher rate of vibration of vocal folds

50
Q

(Acoustic Phonetics: sounds of equal lengths differ: Pitch)
Pitch is affected by

A

Rate of vibration of the vocal folds

51
Q

What happens to the nucleus (vowel) in an unstressed syllable?

A

Vowel reduces to an /ə/ schwa

52
Q

Describe the syllable internal structure

A
  • Onset
    • (up to CCC)
  • Rhyme
      • Nucleus(V) + Coda (up to CCCC)

SPHY103 EXAM 1-11 (13 decks)

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