Module 3 - Phonetic Transcription, allophones, complimentary distribution, distinctive features Flashcards

1
Q

Phonemic System

A
  • Contrastive phonemes in a particular language
  • Standard AusE phonemes
  • 24 consonants
  • 20 vowels
  • HCE system
  • However one phoneme can have multiple pronounciations
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2
Q

What is Phonemic Transcription?

A
  • Uses a set of phonemes (IPA)
  • Broad
  • Does not capture the multiple pronunciations of a phoneme
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3
Q

What is a phone?

A

Possible speech sound

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4
Q

What is a Phoneme?

A
  • Defined set of distinct phones in a language
    Can have multiple pronunciations of one phoneme
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5
Q

Describe Allophonic variation

A
  • Systematic
    • Occurs in a rule-based way (rule-based allophonic variations)
  • Free Variation
    Individual disordered, free allophonic variation
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6
Q

What are Allophones?

A
  • Possible phones representing the same phoneme
  • Variations of the same phoneme
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7
Q

What are Diacritics?

A
  • Symbols that mark allophonic variations
  • Phonetic transcription
  • Found in the IPA
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8
Q

Aspiration Diacritic symbol?

A

[ʰ] - [phɪn]

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9
Q

Rule 1 of diacritic aspiration
[p] [t] [k] at the beginning of a word and before a stressed vowel is

A

Voiceless stops [pʰ] [tʰ] [kʰ] aspirated at the beginning
And before a STRESSED VOWEL

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10
Q

Rule 2 of diacritic aspiration
[s] -> [p] [t] [k]

A

[s] -> [p] [t] [k] unaspirated after [s]
[spɪn]

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11
Q

Rule 3 of diacritic aspiration - Free Variation
When [p] [t] [k] in word final position

A

Usually aspirated [pʰ] [tʰ] [kʰ] in word final position

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12
Q

Nasalisation Diacritic symbol?

A

[ ̃] - [mæ̃n]

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13
Q

Describe nasalisation

A

More air is flowing through the nose

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14
Q

Rule 1 of diacritic nasalisation
Vowels nasalise before

A

Vowels nasalise before nasal consonants [n] [m] [ŋ]

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15
Q

Dentalisation Diacritic symbol

A

[ ̪] - eighth [æɪt̪θ]

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16
Q

Describe Dentilisation

A
  • Assimilation of alveolar consonants to dental place of articulation before a dental consonant
    You can see it
17
Q

Rule 1 Dentalisation Diacritic
Alveolar consonants [t̪] [d̪] [n̪] [l] dentalised

A

Alveolar consonants [t̪] [d̪] [n̪] [l] dentalised before dental consonants [θ, ð]

18
Q

What is complimentary distribution?

A
  • Used to describe allophones
    • do not occur in the same phonological context (word position, or before consonants vs nasal consonants)
    • Distributed differently
      • They are not contrastive
19
Q

What are Minimal Pairs?

A
  • A pair of words which differ in meaning when only one sound is changed in the same position in a word
    /kɐːt/ /kæt/
20
Q

What are distinctive features?

A

Binary choice: its either present (+) or not present (-)

21
Q

What are the distinctive features of consonants (4)?

A

Consonantal, Nasal, Coronal, Round/Labial

22
Q

[+/-] Consonantal

A

(+ cononantal) is a consonant
(- consonantal) not a consonant

23
Q

[+/-] Nasal

A

(+ nasal) is a nasal sound
(- nasal) is not a nasal sound

24
Q

[+/-] Coronal

A

(+ coronal) tongue is towards the front of the mouth
- Dentals, alveolar, post-alveolar, sometimes palatal /j/
(- coronal) tongue is towards the back of the mouth

25
Q

[+/-] Round/Labial

A

+ round/labial) uses lips to make sound
(-round/labial) does not use lips to make sound

26
Q

(Use the Distinctive Features Table)
Someone with a cleft palate might have more of an opening to the nasal, so all consonants with a (-) nasal sound might start to sound like

A

/m, n, ŋ/

27
Q

Someone with a stroke that has issues with his vocal folds will have issues with all consonants that are

A

(+) voiced

28
Q

What are the 3 distinctive features of vowels?

A

Vowel Length, Height of tongue, Round

29
Q

[+/-] Vowel Length

A

(+ long) long vowel length
(-long) short vowel length
Contrastive in english /ɐː/ / ɐ/

30
Q

[+/-] Height of tongue

A

( -low) high position of tongue
(+low) low position of tongue

31
Q

[+/-] Round

A

[+round] rounded lips
[-round] unrounded lips

32
Q

[+/-] Sonorant

A

(+ Sonorant) resonant
Nasals, approximants and vowels

(- Sonorant) not resonant

33
Q

[+/-] Continuant

A

(+ continuant) airflow continues through the oral cavity
- Fricatives, approximants, vowels
(-continuant) airflow is obstructed through the oral cavity
Oral stops, nasal stops, Affricates

34
Q

[+/- ] strident/sibilant

A

[+ strident / sibilant] high frequency/ pitched, intensity
- Alveolar and palatal fricatives and affricates
[- strident / sibilant] low frequency/ pitch

35
Q

[+/-] Obstruent

A

[+ Obstruent] obstruction of airflow sounds
- Oral Stops and fricatives
[ - Obstruent] - no obstruction of airflow
Vowels?

36
Q

Describe aspiration

A

Small puff of air following a phoneme