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ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) > Module 9 - Personality > Flashcards

Module 9 - Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Personality:

A

A person’s unique patterns in
cognitive (thought)
Emotional
Behavioural
Responses

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2
Q

Psychosexual Development
(Freud’s Theory)

A

Personality is shaped by childhood dilemmas
‘Fixations’ at particular psychosexual stages cause distinctive neurotic behaviours in adulthood

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3
Q

Fixations

A

a persistent focus of the id’s pleasure-seeking energies at an early stage of psychosexual development

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4
Q

Fixations at particular psychosexual stages causes___

A

Distinctive neurotic behaviours in adulthood

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5
Q

Psychosexual Distinct Stages (5)

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital

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6
Q

Age range:
(Oral Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

0-18 months (1.5 years)

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7
Q

Conflict (dilemmas):
(Oral Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Awareness of dependence on their mothers (caregivers), and
the vulnerability associated with this - separation anxiety

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8
Q

Fixation (Focus) -> behaviours in adult life
(Oral Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Clingy & needy
Strong need for approval
Neurotic habits involve the mouth (biting nails, cigarettes)

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9
Q

Age range:
(Anal Stage-> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

2-3 years old

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10
Q

Conflict:
(Anal Stage-> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Awareness of judgements associated with body waste production (poop)

Concern for cleanliness, order, control & compliance

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11
Q

Fixation (Focus) -> behaviours in adult life
(Anal Stage-> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Extreme neatness & fussiness (retentive)
Or extreme messiness & laziness (expulsive)

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12
Q

Age range:
(Phallic Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

4-6 years old

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13
Q

Conflict:
(Phallic Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Children begin to separate gender identity
Identify with same sex parent
Covet attention of other parent (Oedipus/Electra Complex, castration anxiety, penis envy)

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14
Q

Fixation (Focus) -> behaviours in adult life
(Phallic Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Differs according to gender
Males: who cannot move past Oedipal conflict, assert their masculinity -> brash, destructive
Females: emotional / histrionic

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15
Q

Age range:
(Latent Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

7-11 years old

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16
Q

Conflict:
(Latent Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Children begin to learn to suppress their Eros desires
Focus on maintaining dispassionate Ego as a safety mechanism

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17
Q

Fixation (Focus) -> behaviours in adult life
(Latent Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Self-denial
Leads to asexuality & dullness

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18
Q

Age range:
(Genital Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

12 years up

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19
Q

Conflict:
(Genital Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Children sexual maturity,
separating new intense desires
Separating sources of anxiety/ failures/ rejections

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20
Q

Fixation (Focus) -> behaviours in adult life
(Genital Stage -> Psychosexual Distinct Stages)

A

Various sexual obsessions
resurgence of earlier partial fixations

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21
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

Protects mind from unconscious urges
Shape personality

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22
Q

6 Defence mechanisms

A

Repression
Displacement
Regression
Rationalisation
Denial
Projection

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23
Q

Repression
(6 Defence Mechanisms -> Psychodynamic Theory)

A

Supress, block unconscious urges

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24
Q

Displacement
(6 Defence Mechanisms -> Psychodynamic Theory)

A

Redirect unconscious urges
Eg. Get yelled at work -> displace it at home by yelling at wife

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25
Q

Regression
(6 Defence Mechanisms -> Psychodynamic Theory)

A

Revert to behaviour patterns at an earlier age
Eg. Cry like a baby

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26
Q

Rationalisation
(6 Defence Mechanisms -> Psychodynamic Theory)

A

Rationalise, make a story to excuse urges

27
Q

Denial
(6 Defence Mechanisms -> Psychodynamic Theory)

A

Refuse to acknowledge urges

28
Q

Projection
(6 Defence Mechanisms -> Psychodynamic Theory)

A

Attributing thoughts to others

29
Q

Psychodynamic Approach - Key Points (3)

A
  • Experience universal drives / desires in upbringing
  • Potentially acquire formative fixations from childhood events
  • Build up defence strategies to keep Ego manageable range of anxiety & drive satiation, long term
30
Q

Which 2 psychological perspectives is the basis of social cognitive approach?

A

Behavioural Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Learning processes -> shape behaviour -> personality characteristics

31
Q

Personality development is explained by (Behaviourist Psychology) (2)

A

Behaviourist Psychology
Learning Mechanisms (Classical, operant)
Social/observational learning

32
Q

Everyday behaviours are managed by (Cognitive Psychology)

A

Everyday behaviours are managed by cognitive evaluations & beliefs

33
Q

Mental Representations (Schemas)

A

Ideas of how we expect the world to work

34
Q

4 factors that Personality (behavioural repertoire) depends on:

A

Behaviour-Outcome Expectancies
Beliefs about what is possible

Self-Efficacy Expectancies
Confidence based on past successes

Competencies
Acquired skills useful in problem-solving

Self-Regulation
Managing new gaps in expectations and competence

35
Q

Social Cognitive Approach - Key Points:
Personality is developed through (2)

A
  • Learning new information -> refining our behaviour strategies to get the best outcomes
  • Building networks of schematic Personal Constructs, which shape our expectations about ourselves & others -> allows us to self-regulate towards more achievable, positive outcomes.
36
Q

Humanistic Approach:
Therapeutic movement

A

Affirming individual character
Empowering choices & personal progress
Supporting people on their path to self-actualisation

37
Q

Humanistic Approach
Personality development is focused on__

A

Growth by choice

38
Q

Humanistic Approach
Beliefs about people (3)

A

Human nature is fundamentally good

Desire & capability to survive, grow, and improve

Intentional choices and ‘free will’ shape our self-perceptions→ helps us become who we wish to become

39
Q

Self Perception produces 3 versions of self:

A

True Self
False Self
Ideal Self

40
Q

True Self
(self perception -> 3 selves)

A

True inner being
Most fundamental to us, untainted and always good by default

41
Q

False Self
(self perception -> 3 selves)

A

View of self created by personal experience & worldly limitations
Distorts the true self

42
Q

Ideal Self
(self perception -> 3 selves)

A

Imagined best version of ourselves

43
Q

Humanistic Approach - Key Points:
Personality development relies on__ (3)

A
  • Receiving external support (satisfy basic needs such as hunger, shelter)
  • Changing self-perceptions to affirm our nature & goals
  • Making conscious, positive choices to change our lives for the better -> be closer to our ideal selves
44
Q

Trait:

A

Words people use to describe themselves
Emotional, cognitive and behavioural tendencies

45
Q

Allport (1937) divided traits into 2 categories

A

Central Traits: traits which characterise interactions (reliable)
Secondary traits: Characteristics in response to particular situations (e.g. Dislikes crowds0

46
Q

How are traits measured?

A

Questionnaire completed by close individuals
Self-report questionnaire

47
Q

Is there a universal number of agreed traits?

48
Q

What is the most popular trait model?

A

Five Factor Model
Factor analysis yielded 5 overarching personalities

49
Q

What are the Big Five traits/personalities in the OCEAN model?

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

50
Q

Openness
(OCEAN <-Five Factor Model <- Traits)

A

Open to new experiences
Fantasy, intellectual ideas, flexible, emotionally open

51
Q

High openness consequence
Low openness consequence

A

High openness: potential exploitation

Low openness: hiding oneself

52
Q

Conscientiousness
(OCEAN <-Five Factor Model <- Traits)

A

Order
Self-discipline
Dutifulness

53
Q

High conscientiousness consequence
Low conscientiousness consequence

A

High conscientiousness: paralysing carefulness

Low conscientiousness: risk taking

54
Q

Extraversion
(OCEAN <-Five Factor Model <- Traits)

A

Warmth
Excitement seeking
Assertiveness

55
Q

High Extraversion consequence:
Low Extraversion consequence:

A

High Extraversion: socially overwhelming
Low Extraversion: extremely withdrawn

56
Q

Agreeableness
(OCEAN <-Five Factor Model <- Traits)

A

Trust
Altruism
Tenderness

57
Q

High Agreeableness:
Low Agreeableness:

A

High Agreeableness: interpersonal doormat
Low Agreeableness: disconnected

58
Q

Neuroticism
(OCEAN <-Five Factor Model <- Traits)

A

Anxiety
Depression
Self-consciousness

59
Q

High Neuroticism:
Low Neuroticism:

A

High Neuroticism: Nervous
Low Neuroticism: emotionally blank / unreactive

60
Q

Limitations of the Five Factor Model (2)

A

Social Desirability Bias (based off of self-perception when completing questionnaire)
Purely descriptive theory, no explanation of how personality is developed

61
Q

Key Points of Trait Theories

A

Best for describing individual differences in personality especially when comparing groups
Atheoretical -> no insights into how personalities are developed

62
Q

Why is it important of AHA to understand personalities?

A

Work well as a team
Take care of your own health and well-being
Promote well-being of client & families
Be knowledgeable and reflective professional who does not draw from unhelpful labels and myths when trying to understand behaviours or others

63
Q

Positive Psychology (3)

A

Science of positive individual traits
Human thriving and flourishing
Scientific study of strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive

ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) (11 decks)

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