Module 6 - Intelligence Flashcards
What is intelligence?
An organism’s mental abilities & talents used to achieve goals by overcoming challenges & obstacles
Why is intelligence adaptive and context specific?
There are different elements in intelligence such as memory, comprehension but they are correlated
Intelligence measured by comparing individuals’s result with
Intelligence is measured by comparing an individual’s results with other individuals
Range of mental tasks that define Intelligence (6)
- Solve problems
- Recall information
- Use and comprehend language
- Detect patterns and relevant details
- React quickly to stimuli
- Think laterally or creatively
Performance across range of mental tasks strongly correlate in most people? (T/F)
TRUE
Why should Allied health professionals care about intelligence theories and measurements? (3)
understanding and assisting people with intellectual impairments
Clients with impaired cognitive faculties face unique hardships with the demands of everyday life
Intellectual impairment affects client’s ability to seek, engage with, or benefit from interventions
IQ
Intelligence quotient
IQ= mental age/chronological age x 100
How is low, average or high intellectual ability quantified?
By comparing scores to the standard expected for your cohort (eg. Children of the same age)
Scores are standardised
Does IQ tests directly indicated how much intelligence a person has?
No
Standardisation means that IQ numbers are___
Relative to cohort
Ranking
Average IQ and the standard deviation?
Average IQ = 100
Standard deviation = 15
How would you use intelligence tests in education (2):
Identifying low ability -> target remedial help
Identifying high ability -> increase difficulty to achieve more
Application of intelligence in schools, jobs, leisure activities
Helps with setting appropriate challenges and assistance to suit specific needs
Application of intelligence in public health
Overall low IQ scores might indicate something in the environment (eg. lead in water)
3 categories of problems with Intelligence tests
- Validity
- Interpretations of the meaning of test differences
- Social & Policy problem from misinterpretation of results (racial hierarchy)
When are Intelligence tests are valid (measuring what we intend to measure)?
When assumptions match the characteristics of the test-takers
Assumptions of intelligence tests leads to
Typical intelligence tests have a range of assumptions that are inappropriately matched to test takers -> false impression of lower intelligence
Range of Assumptions (6):
- Native familiarity with language
- Familiarity with cultural references or practices
- Experience with test-taking written responses
- Motivation to achieve high scores
- Appropriate state of mind (not affected by hunger, fatigue, distraction)
-Familiarity with expected form of answers (no unconventional responses)
Social harms
Invalid IQ tests reinforce existing social hierarchies, because marginalised groups will perform poorly on tests designed around the assumptions of the mainstream group
Positive manifold:
(Spearman’s g-factor)
Cognitive abilities tend to correlate
Spearman’s Two Factor Theory
G factor
General Factor: Shared factor of all mental abilities
S factor
Specific Factor: Separate abilities that overlap with and contribute to ‘g’
Is it common to give different G factor (general factor) and S factor (Specific factor) scores?
yes
Wechsler Scales
Verbal vs non-verbal intelligence
Cattell-Horn GfGc Model
Fluid intelligence (problem solving skills) vs Crystallised Intelligence (acquire general knowledge)
Processing speed shows the greatest decline with age
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
8+ Intelligence Domains
Evidence for distinct processes is mixed but is present in extreme cases
Small ability differences in processes is due to preferences and interests
Carrol’s Three Stratum Model
Most used model of intelligence
General intelligence shows heritability:
Strong correlation of intelligence the closer the genetic relationship between 2 people)
Intelligence runs in the family (between 57% and 73%)
IQ of adopted parents does not affect IQ of adopted children
Environmental factors with positive impact to intelligence (4)
- Access to Education
- Better Childhood Nutrition
- Early Intervention on developmental delays
- Stimulating conditions (media & challenge rich)
Environmental factors with negative impact to intelligence (3)
- Stressful/ dangerous situations
- Higher Parental Age (especially mother’s)
- Exposure to toxic chemicals
Flynn Effect
(IQ)
Tendency for later generations to show disproportionately high Iqs
This is due to changes in environmental factors between generations
Eg. Later generations have more nutrition and exposure to complex media
Intelligence Testing is useful for (4)
In identifying vulnerable individuals
In identifying areas of deficit that could impact on AH interventions
In improving educational attainment
To measure for epidemiological impact (malnutrition, trauma effects)
Limitations of Intelligence Testing
- Vulnerable to administrator error
- Vulnerable to interpreter error
- Limited domain: schools/written (Validity Issue: does it test exactly what it is designed to test? Literacy Focused)
- Do not address all strengths/talents
- Limited cultural focus (cultural Bias)
- IQ tests aren’t enough, we need other tests
Limitations of Intelligence tests
Cultural bias
assumptions
Vulnerable to error
Literacy focused
Strength Based Practice for considering Intelligence tests
Due to the limitations of intelligence tests, consider Gardner’s multiple intelligences to guide strength based practice
Culturally fair practice
Different approaches to knowledge, learning & intelligence
How is decision making affected by Representativeness Heuristic
Our tendency to seek out confirmation from our stereotypes that influences our decisions and reasoning
Confirmation bias: tendency to search for, interpret information to confirms prior beliefs
How does Base rate neglect affect decision making?
(Cognitive Biases)
When the base or original weight or probability is ignored or considered secondary
They might focus more on new information instead of original data
How does Anchoring effect decision making?
(Cognitive Biases)
Opposite to base rate neglect
Bias towards first piece of information
How does cultural bias affect intelligence tests?
Cultural bias affects validity of tests
May contribute to underperformance of minority groups
Racists rely on intelligence gap to justify social inequality
Variables that impact Cultural Bias
Socio-economic factors
Education
Age
gender
How does stereotype threat affect performance in tests?
Source of underperformance
Performance-impairing anxiety when one fears they are confirming a negative stereotype
Eg. Women’s proficiency in Maths
How many intelligences are in Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?
8
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Visual-spatial
Musical
Bodily Kinesthetic
Interpersonal (Social)
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Linguistic Intelligence
(Gardner’s Multiple 8 Intelligence)
Finding the right words to express what you mean
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
(Gardner’s Multiple 8 Intelligence)
Quantifying things, making hypothesis and proving them
Visual-spatial Intelligence
(Gardner’s Multiple 8 Intelligence)
Visualizing the world in 3d
Musical Intelligence
(Gardner’s Multiple 8 Intelligence)
Aptitude for sounds, pitch, tone
Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence
(Gardner’s Multiple 8 Intelligence)
Co-ordinating mind with body
Interpersonal (Social) Intelligence
(Gardner’s Multiple 8 Intelligence)
Seeing people’s feelings and motives
Intrapersonal Intelligence
(Gardner’s Multiple 8 Intelligence)
Understanding yourself and how you feel
Naturalistic Intelligence
(Gardner’s Multiple 8 Intelligence)
Understanding living things ahings and reading nature
How would you use Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence in creating tasks for therapy with a client that loves landscape design?
She may have stronger naturalistic and visuo-spatial intelligence
Design activities that involve
Going outside
Landscapes and nature
