Module 8 - Emotions Flashcards
What is emotion (3)?
Spontaneous, involuntary, evaluative responses
To specific environmental conditions
Purpose: to direct action in real time
What are the 3 components of emotion response?
Subjective experience (feelings )
Reflexive behaviour (physical behaviour, slouch, facial expressions)
Physiological arousal (arousal)
Subjective experience: (2)
(3 components of emotion)
Feelings
It is subjective: Differences in intensity of feelings between individuals
What are the 2 categories of subjective experience?
(3 components of emotion)
Negative affect
Positive affect
Tendency to experience positive / negative emotions is heritable?
T/F
T
Differences between people’s tendency to experience negative / positive emotions is due to?
Difference in an individual’s neurotransmitter system
Feelings such as sad, gloomy, miserable and jealous are examples of ___ affect?
Negative affect
Feeling such as job, relaxed and happy are examples of ___affect?
Positive affect
What is the difference between mood and emotion?
Emotion:
immediate sensations
More Intense
Short-lived
Influence thoughts in real time
Mood:
Longer duration
Lower intensity
Diffuse feelings of positivity or negativity
‘general state’
Internalised / not observable
3 reflexive behaviours triggered by emotions?
(3 components of emotion)
Change in posture
Body language
Facial expressions
Innate social signalling
Darwin argued that overt displays served innate social signalling so the group as a whole are more informed
What is Darwin’s
3 predictions for innate facial expressions?
Humans
Facial anatomy is shared across all humans
If emotive expressions are revolved reflexes then they should be present across all cultures
Apes
Should display basic facial expressions since they share common ancestors
Blind Individuals
Blind individuals should show the same facial expressions as sighted people, despite never seeing them
This shows that facial expressions are evolutionary
Were Darwin’s 3 predictions true?
Humans - cross cultural display
True:
Groups display same basic emotions across cultures
Isolated groups also can identify those emotions
Apes
True:
Apes display similar basic emotions as humans
Blind individuals
True;
blind babies exhibit same facial expressions as sighted babies, especially for basic emotions
What are the 5 universal emotional expressions across cultures?
Anger
Fear
Disgust
Joy
sadness
Expression Norms
Values of culture influence
How we experience & express emotions as adults
Eg. Men & Women express emotions differently due to how they were raised
Culture-Specific Expressions
Basic emotions across different cultures can show modified expressions due to Socially entrenched cultural values
Eg. America vs Japan
Physiology of Emotions is about
How emotion affect our bodies
Physiological activation -> autonomic arousal
Eg
Heart racing
Lump in thoat
Hands feel cold and clammy
Arousal:
Physiological & Psychological state of being awoken
State of heightened alertness
Result of stimulation
Greater stimulation = greater arousal
Works on a spectrum
Can be positive or negative (excitement or fear)
3 types of arousals
Cognitive arousal
Physical arousal
Emotional arousal
Autonomic Nervous System
System that is activated as a response to emotions
What are the two systems of Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic Nervous System: Fight or flight
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Rest and Digest
Sympathetic Nervous System
(Autonomic Nervous system -> 2 systems)
Creates Fight or flight physiological responses
Accelerated heart beat
Inhibits digestive activity
Stimulates glucose release
Stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Parasympathetic Nervous System
(Autonomic Nervous system -> 2 systems)
Creates Rest or digest physiological responses
Physiological reactions that restore our body back to homeostatic equilibrium
Slows heartbeat
Stimulates digestive activity
Theories of emotions explains
The relationship between physiological arousal + emotional experience
3 Theories of Emotion
James-Lang Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory
James-Lang Theory
of emotion & physiological arousal and issue?
James-Lang Theory:
Stimulus -> Physiological arousal -> subjective feeling (emotion)
Issue: Reaction is too long & slow
Cannon-Bard Theory
of emotion & physiological arousal and issue?
Cannon-Bard Theory:
Stimulus -> Physiological arousal + Subjective Feeling (Emotion)
Issue:
missing cognitive element
Misattribution of arousal
Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory
of emotion & physiological arousal and issue?
Schacter’s Two Factor Theory:
We experience simultaneous conscious sensation & arousal, but attribute label from context to determine the emotion
Factor 1: Autonomic arousal (Arousal) -> how you experience the emotion
Factor 2: Cognitive appraisal/ interpretation -> determines the emotion (labels it)
Emotions are reactive & reflexive but do not make sense on a conscious level without___
Cognitive interpretation and attribution (Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory)
Emotions -> triggered by stimulus/event
BUT
Emotion is a reaction -> ___ of the stimulus
Cognitive evaluations
Fast pathway of emotion
Limbic system (Thalamus -> Amygdala)
Very rapid, automatic emotional reactions
Slow pathway of emotion
Cerebral cortex: planning & reasoning centres of the frontal lobe
Thoughtful evaluations & Mental reframing
Why is it important to regulate our emotions to be socially adaptive?
Emotions are reactive and communicative but can be disruptive
Emotional regulation
Efforts to control emotional states
Includes our ability to modulate (change) and alter one’s emotional experience
3 emotion regulation strategies
Control of attention
Cognitive reappraisal
Expressive suppression
Control of attention
(3 ways to regulate emotions)
Distract yourself from triggers
Focus attention on useful elements
Cognitive reappraisal
(3 ways to regulate emotions)
Mentally reframe the situation to side step emotional triggers
Eg. Mindfulness, humour
Expressive suppression
(3 ways to regulate emotions)
Over-express certain postures, gestures or expressions to mask emotions
Eg. Fake smile to mask anger
Why do we need to know about emotions?
Being aware of client’s emotions can impact on their recovery outcome and overall well-being
It is important to regulate your own emotions when working as an AHA and practice emotional self care
How do emotions impact our client directly?
Mental health
physiology
How do emotions affect our client indirectly?
Engagement in treatment
Participation in healthy & unhealthy behaviours
Relationship with professional
Affect
Observable behaviours
that express an individual’s emotion
Affect is variable
Fluctuates in response to changing emotional states
Illness and pain is a subjective experience because ___
Experience is influenced by emotions which are subjective.
Kubler-Ross 5-stage model of grief & loss:
(Theoretical model of emotion)
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Shock
Initial reaction to event of injury
Associated with traumatic even
Cause inability to comprehend severity of situation
Timespan can vary from minutes to hours to days
Denial
Initial reaction to injury or illness
Inability to comprehend severity of injury
Innate defense mechanism to avoid anxiety
Inability to accept change to self-concept
Anger
Occurs after denial
Emotional response / defence mechanism to pain
Anxiety
In early recovery
Response to news of surgery or intervention
In later recovery
Response to returning to work
Anxiousness of re-injury
Fear
In early recovery
Fear of pain due to movement
Fear of re-injury
Later recovery
Fear of new interventions
Fear of returning to new activity
Sadness
May be due to previous experience influencing reaction
Related to past events or experience
Evoked during recovery by lack of function, social isolation, awareness of rehabilitation time frame
Timespan can vary from minutes to hours/days
Joy
Response to
Positive news
Sense of achievement or mastery of task during rehab
Relief
Response to
Receiving positive diagnosis
Completing feared task during rehab
Excitement
Response to
Upcoming challenge
Receiving positive news about returning to function
Change to functional status
Interest
In early recovery
Pursuit of knowledge and information about condition
Late recovery
Assisting cognitive processing of impending challengers & barriers to rehabilitation
Psychodynamic perspective on emotions
Emotions are unconscious
Influence thought, behaviour & health
Humans delude themselves to avoid unpleasant emotions
Clients are unaware of their emotional expression until pointed out by professional
Cognitive perspective on emotions
Cognitive judgement is crucial to emotional experiences
Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory
Clients use cognitive appraisal based off of environment, previous knowledge -> influence emotion expressed
Evolutionary perspective on emotions
Emotions have an adaptive purpose
Emotions were used to communicate to increase chance of survival
Maladaptive response
Responses -> negative impact
