Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) > Module 10 - Attribution Attitudes Social Cognition > Flashcards

Module 10 - Attribution Attitudes Social Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Social Cognition (3)

A

psychological processes (automatic & unconscious) which allows us to
perceive, categorise & respond to
the social dimensions of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Attribution is our innate tendency to ___

A

attach meaning to behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Attribution: When we see the actions of others ___

A

We make rapid, intuitive judgements about what we think caused the behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Attribution is not about___

A

Not about the ACTUAL causes of specific behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Attribution is about

A

What SEEMS TO US in a snap judgement to CAUSE the behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Attribution judgements are dichotomous, meaning ___

A

Two completely opposing ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 categories of attribution

A

^ Internal (Dispositional) vs External (Situational)
^ Stable vs Unstable
^ Controllable vs Uncontrollable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Internal (dispositional) vs external (situational) attribution:

A

Behaviour/ Event due to:
Internal (dispositional/ personal factors)
vs
External (situational factors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stable vs Unstable attribution

A

Behaviour/ Event due to:
Stable (unchanging factors)
Vs
Unstable (temporary factors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Controllable vs Uncontrollable
attribution

A

Behaviour/ Event due to:
Controllable (something we can alter if we wish)
Vs
Uncontrollable ( southing outside our influence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most influential attribution category?

A

Dispositional (Internal) vs Situational (External)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Covariation Model describes which attribution category?

A

Dispositional vs Situational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 elements of covariational model

A

^ Consensus
^ Consistency
^ Distinctiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Consensus
(3 elements of covariational model)

A

How do other people behave?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Consistency
(3 elements of covariational model)

A

Does X usually behave like this?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Distinctiveness
(3 elements of covariational model)

A

Is X’s behaviour in this situation different from X’s behaviour in other situations?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

According to the covariational model: low consistency -> ___ attribution

A

Discounting (search for a different cause)
Cannot make an attribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

High consensus:
(3 elements of covariational model)

A

Most people behave like this
-> External Attribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Low consensus:
(3 elements of covariational model)

A

Not many people behave like this
-> Internal Attribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

High consistency:
(3 elements of covariational model)

A

X nearly always behaves like this
-> Stable External or Stable Internal attribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Low consistency:
(3 elements of covariational model)

A

X rarely behaves like this
-> unstable external or internal circumstance (Discounting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

High Distinctiveness
(3 elements of covariational model)

A

X does not behave like this in other situations
-> External Attribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Low Distinctiveness
(3 elements of covariational model)

A

X’s behaves like this in other situations
-> Internal Attribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

According to the covariational model:
Low Consensus (other people behave like this)
High Consistency (X Always behaves like this)
Low Distinctiveness (X does not behave like this in most other situations)
-> ____ attribution

A

Internal Attribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

According to the covariational model:
High Consensus (other people behave like this)
High Consistency (X Always behaves like this)
High Distinctiveness (X does not behave like this in most other situations)
-> ____ attribution

A

External Attribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stable, Internal/ Dispositional Attributions:

A

^ ability
^ personality
^ intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Unstable Internal/ Dispositional Attributions

A

^ Motivation
^ Moods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Stable External / Situational Attributions

A

^ Task difficulty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Unstable External / Situational Attributions

A

^ weather
^ luck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

3 Attribution biases

A

^ Fundamental Attribution Error
^ Actor-Observer Bias
^ Self-Serving Bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error
(3 Attribution Biases)

A

We use internal attributions when judging others
Eg. We think how people behave is because of internal character

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

On the same behaviour, we use
^ external attributions for us
^ internal attributions for others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Self-Serving bias

A

We change the attributions for own behaviour to enhance self image
Eg. Internal for good things, external for bad things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Attitude:

A

an evaluative disposition (favourable or unfavourable reaction) towards a thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Attitude defined by 3 elements

A

Attitude Object
Attitude Valence
Attitude Intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Attitude Object
(3 elements of Attitude)

A

The thing the attitude is about

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Attitude Valence
(3 elements of Attitude)

A

An evaluation/ sense of positivity or negativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Attitude Intensity
(3 elements of Attitude)

A

How strongly felt the Valence judgement is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Name the 3 elements of attitude
I really (___) hate (___) onions(___)

A

I really (high intensity) hate (negative valence) onions(object)

40
Q

Attitudes have 3 components (ABC):

A

Affect (feelings)
Behaviour (actions)
Cognition (thinking)

41
Q

How does attitudes influence Affect?

A

Positive or negative feelings

42
Q

How does attitudes influence Behaviour?

A

Tendency to approach or avoid

43
Q

How does attitudes influence Cognition?

A

Relevant thoughts, beliefs and judgements

44
Q

Attitudes are generally stable (T/F)

A

T

45
Q

3 ways to form / acquire new attitudes:

A

Direct Instruction
Self-Perception Theory
Balance theory

46
Q

Direct Instruction:
(3 ways to form new attitudes)

A

Attitudes are learnt as part of specific facts or events

47
Q

Self-Perception Theory:
(3 ways to form new attitudes)

A

We make self-attributions from past behaviour

48
Q

Balance Theory:
(3 ways to form new attitudes)

A

We are biased towards an attitude valence (positive or negative feeling) that is consistent with existing attitudes and beliefs
Eg. We hate the things our enemies like
We will like things that our friends like

49
Q

Persuading someone to change how they behave, think or feel is easier when___

A

Target a specific impacts of Attitude (Affect, behaviour, cognition) rather than the whole associated attitude

50
Q

Ways to persuade someone (3)

A

^ Ingratiation
^ The Foot-in-the-Door Effect
^ Presenting selective information

51
Q

Ingratiation
(3 ways to persuade someone)

A

^ Target-> Affect (positive / negative feeling)
^ Performing a favour to make them feel positive about you and your offer

52
Q

The Foot-in-the-Door Effect
(3 ways to persuade someone)

A

^ Target -> Behaviour (approach / avoid)
^ get them to make a small initial act of commitment -> then haggle them for the rest

53
Q

Presenting selective information
(3 ways to persuade someone)

A

^ Target Cognition (thoughts)
^ presenting selective information -> useful way of giving someone new, but potentially misleading beliefs

54
Q

One effective method to change someone’s attitude

A

Evoke cognitive dissonance

55
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

^ feeling of discomfort
^ due to internal contradiction between beliefs (attitude) and actions (Behaviour)

56
Q

How does cognitive dissonance change attitude?

A

to escape cognitive dissonance -> people change their attitude or behaviour, whichever is easier at the time

57
Q

Leon Festinger discovered participants who were paid to lie will react differently depending on how much they were paid.
If someone was paid little ->___
If someone was paid a lot -> ___

A

Someone was paid little -> cognitive dissonance -> changed their attitude to fit the lie

Some paid a lot -> no cognitive dissonance -> same attitude

58
Q

Confirmation bias (2):

A

^ our tendency to search for, interpret and recall information that confirm our existing beliefs
^ tendency to minimise or overlook contradictory information

59
Q

How difficult it is to change attitudes is due to___

A

Confirmation bias

60
Q

Ingroup

A

Any group a person belongs or identifies with

61
Q

Outgroup

A

All other identifiable groups, especially groups

62
Q

3 processes in Social Identity Theory:

A

^ Social Categorisation
^ Social Identification
^ Social Comparison

63
Q

Social Categorisation:
(3 processes in Social Identity Theory)

A

What groups exist?

64
Q

Social Identification:
(3 processes in Social Identity Theory)

A

Which group do I belong to?

65
Q

Social Comparison:
(3 processes in Social Identity Theory)

A

How is my group better than other groups?

66
Q

Ingroup Favouritism:
(Group Biases & Stereotypes)

A

^ social identity + Self-serving bias
-> ingroup favouritism

67
Q

Outgroup Homogeneity (3):
(Group Biases & Stereotypes)

A

^ Social identity + Actor-observer Bias
^ assume outgroups are all the same
^ assume outgroups have less variations than ingroups

68
Q

Outgroup Derogation:
(Group Biases & Stereotypes)

A

^ Social identity + Actor-observer Bias
^ Assume negative things about Outgroup members
^ assume good things about ingroup members

69
Q

Stereotypes:

A

^ generalised beliefs about social groups -> shape expectations & assumptions about group members

70
Q

Schema:

A

Knowledge structures / mental concepts that develop from our experiences

71
Q

We process information ___
When it is consistent with our schema

A

More quickly

72
Q

We focus attention ___
When it is consistent with our schema

A

More easily

73
Q

We make tacit assumptions to ___

A

Make schema inconsistent details fit together

74
Q

Prejudice & Discrimination

A

Judging or reducing someone to stereotyped assumptions (harmful even when positive)

75
Q

Stereotype -> P___ -> D____

A

Stereotype (attitude) -> prejudice (beliefs) -> discrimination (act)

76
Q

Self Schema:

A

Beliefs about ourselves

77
Q

Self consistency (2):

A

^ We interpret new information to fit in with existing self beliefs
^ We prefer people who verify rather than challenge our views

78
Q

AH treatment forces people to get out of their comfort zone and is at odds with self-consistency.

What can AH practitioners do (4)?

A

^ help clients feel good about self
^ set achievable goals
^ encourage with realistic positive feedback
^ help develop new self-schema, ‘I am brave’

79
Q

Self Esteem:

A

^ a person’s evaluation of himself, how much he likes and respects himself
^ self beliefs

80
Q

Poor self-esteem -> (2)

A

^ Poorer outcomes post rehabilitation
^ poor life satisfaction

81
Q

Self-Presentation

A

^ things you do to present you ‘self’
^ process of how people attempt to control the impressions others form of them
^ eg. Brush teeth, choosing clothes

82
Q

Social Identity

A

Sense of self formed from being in a group

83
Q

How can AH practitioners use sense of self:

A

^ clients are vulnerable - take cues from the client
^ confirm their self-schema & social identity
-> to enhance therapeutic alliance

84
Q

First impressions in AH settings for clients , environment: (6)

A

^ location of consult
^ car parking access
^ waiting time
^ patient privacy
^ access to toilets
^ communication with front desk

85
Q

First impressions for clients, clinician (6):

A

^ punctuality
^ dress
^ language
^ listening
^ respect
^ behaviour

86
Q

Negative Affect (emotional response based on social group) =

A

Prejudice

87
Q

Negative behavioural response (taking action against someone based on social group) =

A

discrimination

88
Q

Negative cognitive response (beliefs/ attitudes about social groups) =

A

stereotypes

89
Q

Dimensions of Attitudes (5):

A

^ Attitude Strength
^ Explicit vs Implicit
^ Cognitive Complexity
^ Attitudinal Ambivalence
^ Coherence

90
Q

Attitude Strength
(Dimensions of Attitudes)

A

Durability and impact of an attitude on behaviour

91
Q

Implicit Attitude:
(Dimensions of Attitudes -> implicit vs explicit)

A

Regulate thought and behaviour unconsciously and automatically

92
Q

Explicit Attitude
(Dimensions of Attitudes -> implicit vs explicit)

A

^ short-term
^ conscious
^ adapt to social environment

93
Q

Attitudinal Ambivalence

A

Extent to which an attitude object
Is associated with conflicting responses (pros and cons)

94
Q

Cognitive complexity

A

Intricacy of thoughts about different attitude objects

95
Q

Attitudinal Coherence

A

Extent to which attitude is internally consistent

96
Q

Areas that help with persuasion with clients: (5)

A

^ Source - find credible evidence
^ Message - does the message match the client’s abilities?
^ Channel - how you deliver message (face to face, telephone)
^ Context - situation
^ Receiver - acknowledge client characteristics

ALHT106 Exam (module 1-12) (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions